Il fibrinogeno, o fattore I della coagulazione, è un polipeptide plasmatico sintetizzato dal fegato con lo scopo di favorire l’emostasi secondaria (1,2).
STRUTTURA – Il fibrinogeno è formata da tre coppie di catene polipeptidiche (α, ß, γ) unite da ponti disolfuro (3-5).
I geni preposti alla sintesi del fibrinogeno sono localizzati al terzo distale del braccio lungo del cromosoma 4, bande q23-q32.
FUNZIONE – Il fibrinogeno costituisce il substrato su cui agisce la trombina, un enzima proteolitico che determina la scissione del fibrinogeno in fibrina e fibrinopeptidi di tipo A e B.
Questa reazione rappresenta la tappa finale della cascata coagulativa grazie alla quale si viene a formare un intreccio proteico formata da catene intrecciate di fibrina che inglobano piastrine e globuli rossi; si ha così la formazione di un coagulo che arresta l’emorragia. Terminata la sua funzione tampone, il coagulo si retrae e la fibrina viene degradata (fibrinolisi).
in genere è associato ad altri esami del sangue quali:
- PT (tempo di protrombina)
- APTT, tempo di tromboplastina parziale attivata
- Conta piastrinica
- D-dimero.
CONCENTRAZIONI PLASMATICHE – La concentrazione plasmatica di fibrinogeno aumenta, in parallelo alla sua velocità di sintesi, nella fase acuta di vari stimoli flogistici. I livelli di fibrinogeno nel plasma possono subire variazioni a causa di alterazioni genetiche (varianti eterozigotiche) o per variazioni di peso che determinano un più elevato rischio di trombosi venose profonde, infarto del miocardio, microangiopatie occlusive, ictus cerebrale e resistenza alla fibrinolisi (6-20).
I livelli normali di fibrinogeno si attestano tra 150 e 400 mg/dl con un valore medio che oscilla intorno ai 225 mg/dl.
References
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