Ultimo aggiornamento 2022-05-27 14:11:19
Pazienti “poor responders” sono donne che hanno una scarsa e lenta risposta alla stimolazione ovarica con produzione di ovociti in scarso numero e di scadente qualità, ridotto picco di estradiolo, basse percentuali di fertilizzazione e annidamento, ridotto outcome gravidico. In genere si tratta di donne in età avanzata (⩾40 anni), conta dei follicoli antrali (AFC) <7 o ormone anti-Mülleriano (AMH) <1,1 ng/ml].
Nella nostra esperienza rappresentano il 10% circa delle pazienti FIV.
EZIOLOGIA: senescenza ovarica legata all’età delle pazienti, sempre più frequentemente over 40, oppure secondaria a fattori patologici come flogosi ed infezioni pelviche, traumi, interventi chirurgici, terapia radiante, chemioterapia, polimorfismo dell’aromatasi (3’UTR 1672 C→T), enzima che consente la conversione degli androgeni in estrogeni (1-6).
SINTOMATOLOGIA e DIAGNOSTICA – Le pazienti “Poor Responders” sono caratterizzate dalla presenza di uno o più fattori sfavorevoli:
1° – Elevata concentrazione sierica di FSH al 3° giorno di un ciclo spontaneo – la concentrazione sierica normale si pone a 9-10 mUI/ml; già valori di 12-13 mUI/ml sono predittivi di una scarsa risposta alla stimolazione ovarica controllata (COH) in termini di scarso numero di ovociti ma di buona qualità (36). Concentrazioni di 13-15 mUI/ml al 3° giorno indicano una grave insufficienza ovarica con scarsissima risposta alla COH, ma in entrambi questi ultimi due gruppi è possibile ottenere una gravidanza aumentando le dosi di r-FSH (450-600 UI/die) o aggiungendo LH esogeno (LH-added o HMG). Concentrazioni di FSH >17 mUI/ml livelli escludono qualsiasi possibilità di stimolazione ovarica (“no go” level); per queste pazienti l’unica possibilità di gravidanza è data dall’ovodonazione. Valori sierici basali di FSH <9 classicamente definiscono una paziente high responder.
2° – Estradiolo basale >85 pg/ml: è un test relativamente nuovo. Si effettua al 3° giorno del ciclo. Di per sè una concentrazione sierica così elevata di estradiolo non è un problema in se stesso ma essa può mascherare un elevato FSH basale che sarebbe evidenziabile se l’E2 fosse normale.
3° – Picco ridotto di E2: Acosta per primo definì poor responders le pazienti con picco di E2 <300 pg/ml dopo 7 giorni di stimolazione con HMG 150 UI/die.
4° – BMI (Body Mass Index) è il risultato del peso espresso in chilogrammi diviso per l’altezza in metri elevata al quadrato: Kg/m2. Le pazienti poor responders oversize (BMI >30) devono assolutamente rientrare in un peso accettabile (BMI <30) con dieta ed esercizi fisici prima di iniziare la stimolazione ovarica.
5° – Clomifene Challenge Test (CCCT): utilizzato per valutare la riserva ovarica specialmente in pazienti >38 anni di età, con precedenti fallimenti di cicli PMA, con infertilità inspiegata, con segni indiretti di ridotta riserva ovarica come polimenorrea e quelle con livelli sierici di FSH >10 mUI/ml al 3° giorno del ciclo o con livelli di E2 >80 pg/ml. Al 3° giorno del ciclo si effettua il dosaggio sierico di E2 e FSH. Si somministra Clomid 100 mg/die dal 5° al 9° giorno del ciclo. Al 10-11° giorno del ciclo si ripete il dosaggio di E2 e FSH. In pazienti normoresponders i livelli di FSH inizialmente si innalzano e stimolano la crescita follicolare ma subito dopo (10-11° giorno) si abbassano correlativamente ed inversamente all’aumento di estradiolo (feed-back-negativo) fino a rientrare in valori normali (4-5 mUI/ml). Un livello sierico di FSH con modesto aumento (12-13 mUI/ml) sarà predittivo di una scarsa risposta in termini di numero di ovociti ma di buona qualità (36); valori sierici di FSH di 13-15 UI/ml sono correlati ad ancora più scarsa risposta alla stimolazione ovarica ma in entrambi questi gruppi sono possibili gravidanze aumentando i dosaggi delle gonadotropine o ricorrendo alla somministrazione addizionale di LH (LH-added); livelli di FSH >15 mUI/ml come valori base o al 10-11° giorno di CCCT fanno escludere qualsiasi tentativo di ottenere una gravidanza se non ricorrendo a ovodonazione. Il CCCT ha un basso indice di falsi positivi (<1%) ma un alto indice di falsi negativi (40% circa), cioè il riscontro di valori di FSH anomali indica sicuramente una ridotta riserva ovarica ma, viceversa, un CCCT negativo con valori normali di FSH non ci rassicura sulle possibilità di una soddisfacente risposta alla stimolazione ovarica.
6° – Numero ridotto di piccoli (2-6 mm) follicoli antrali: la riserva ovarica viene valutata con scansione ecografica al 3° giorno del ciclo. Un ovaio con normale riserva follicolare evidenzia >10 piccoli follicoli antrali mentre valori <5 follicoli/ovaio sono propri delle pazienti poor responders.
7° – AMH (Anti-Mullerian Hormone) attualmente rappresenta il marker più affidabile per la valutazione della riserva ovarica; valori sierici <1.2 ng/ml sono indicativi di scarsa riserva ovarica (29-33).
8° – Ridotta concentrazione sierica di β-inibina: valori sierici <1,5 pg/ml indicano una scarsa riserva ovarica mentre valori >4,5 pg/ml sono predittivi di otcome gravidico del 95%.
9° – EFORT test (Exogenous Follicle stimulating hormone Ovarian Reserve Test): dosaggio beta-inibina e E2 al 3° giorno del ciclo; somministrazione di FSH 300 UI; nuovo dosaggio di ß-inibina ed E2 dopo 24 ore. L’aumento di entrambi questi ormoni è correlato con una buona riserva ovarica (34,35).
PROTOCOLLI COH PER PAZIENTI “POOR RESPONDERS”
1°) Incremento delle dosi di gonadotropine: è il primo e più semplice dei suggerimenti a cui ricorrere. Ma il limite massimo utile non può superare le 450 UI di gonadotropine al giorno (r-FSH 300 UI + HMG 150 UI). Oltre questo limite i vantaggi sono estremamente ridotti o nulli; altresì è inutile somministrare gonadotropine esogene se è già presente un’ipergonadotropinemia (10).
2°) Short protocol: è il protocollo maggiormente utilizzato nelle poor responders. Prevede la somministrazione concomitante di gonadotropine ed analoghi-die per 3-5 giorni oppure Gn-RH-a depot (Decapeptyl 375 mg fl) al 2° giorno del ciclo. In tal modo si potenzia la fase iniziale di stimolazione attraverso la dismissione massiva della quota endogena di FSH ed LH (effetto flare-up). In caso di inadeguata risposta alla stimolazione ovarica occorre valutare il livello sierico di LH e in caso di valori <1 mUI/ml sarà molto utile la somministrazione di LH (LH added) dal 7° giorno (Luveris fl 75 UI/die).
3° Gn-RH-a long Protocol: prevede la somministrazione di Gn-RH-analogo depot al 21° giorno del ciclo precedente la stimolazione. Più recentemente si preferisce utilizzare analoghi low dose a somministrazione giornaliera (Decapeptyl® 0.1 mg una fiala s.c. dal 21° giorno e 0.05 mg dal 1° giorno del ciclo fino alla somministrazione di HCG). La somministrazione di gonadotropine inizia dal 2° giorno del ciclo fino a che il follicolo leader raggiunga18 mm di diametro medio. La dose di GN è 300 UI r-FSH/die e viene variata dal 6° giorno del ciclo in relazione alla risposta ovarica Se al 9° giorno del ciclo l’LH è <1 mUI/ml si sostituisce r-FSH con HMG oppure continuare con r-FSH e aggiunger LH (LH added) (Luveris fl 75 UI/die).
In presenza di follicoli ∅ 16-18 mm viene somministrato HCG 10.000 UI.
L’obiettivo del long-protocol è bloccare il surge dell’FSH nella fase premestruale e conseguentemente bloccare la discrepanza nello sviluppo dei follicoli (9-12).
Altri protocolli possono essere utilizzati in alternativa ai protocolli 2 e 3 in caso di fallimento di questi ultimi.
4°) CC + HMG + Antagonist delayed Protocol: prevede l’associazione sequenziale di Clomifene (150 mg/die dal 1° al 5° giorno) e HMG (450 UI/die dal 3° giorno) e antagonista (Cetrotide o Orgalutran fl 0.25 mg/die s,c.) dal 7-8° giorno o dal momento che il follicolo leader raggiunge i 14 mm di diametro medio. HCG 10.000 UI il giorno che il follicolo leader raggiunge i 18 mm di diametro. Pick-up 33-36 ore dopo l’iniezione di HCG. Supplementazione luteale con progesterone vaginale 200 mg/die e HCG 2.000 UI/die fino a diagnosi ecografica di gravidanza (13-16).
Il protocollo che prevede l’utilizzo degli antagonisti necessita di un maggior quantità di gonadotropine ma ottiene migliori risultati per quanto riguarda il numero di follicoli maturi, percentuale di fecondazione degli ovociti e pregnancy rate nelle donne >40 anni di età (v. tabella sottostante).
5°) Luteal Estradiol Protocol: si somministra estradiolo valeriato (Progynova cpr 2 mg): 2 mg x 2 volte al dì dal 21° giorno del ciclo precedente fino al 3° giorno di stimolazione ovarica. rFSH dal 2° giorno del ciclo, microdose Gn-RH-a dal 3° giorno del ciclo, HCG 10 UI dal 3° giorno del ciclo. Il razionale della somministrazione dell’estradiolo è quello di abbassare la concentrazione sierica di FSH nella fase pre-mestruale del ciclo precedente a quello della stimolazione come per il long protocol Gn-RH-a evitando gli effetti negativi del Gn-RH-a depot (17,18).
6°) AACEP Protocol (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist/antagonist conversion with Estrogen Priming): particolarmente indicato in pazienti endometriosiche di età <42 anni che presentano all’anamnesi ripetuti fallimenti di cicli PMA anche utilizzando agonisti o agonisti. Questo protocollo intende ridurre la frequenza dell’apoptosi riferibile all’effetto flare-up LH dell’agonista e all’iperandrogenizzazione ovarica prodotta dagli antagonisti (19).
Si somministra la pillola estro-progestinica per 21 giorni, Gn-RH-a low dose negli ultimi 7 giorni della pillola e fino alla comparsa del ciclo; Estradiolo valeriato dal 1° al 10° giorno del ciclo, Gn-Rh antagonista low dose (0,125 ng/die) dal 2° giorno del ciclo, Estradiolo vaginale (Vagifen cpr vaginali 0,25 mg: 1 cp/die) dal 5° al 10° giorno, r-FSH 600 UI al giorno per i primi dal 2° al 4° giorno del ciclo e quindi a scalare fino a 225 UI/die (21).
7°) LH added: è da considerare in casi di iniziale inadegata risposta alla stimolazione ovarica e/o con severa soppressione di LH (valori sierici <1 mUI/ml) che può verificarsi utilizzando protocolli di CFM con analoghi o antagonisti del Gn-RH e nelle pazienti >35 anni di età (28). Non tutti gli AA. concordano sull’utilità dell’LH-added anche in queste estreme condizioni.
8°) Luteal-phase ovarian stimulation: stimolazione ovarica con letrozolo e HMG in fase luteale dopo ovulazione spontanea. La stimolazione è iniziata il giorno dopo un’ovulazione spontanea utilizzando letrozolo (2.5 mg/die) fino a che si il follicolo leader raggiunge un diametro >12 mm; anche la somministrazione di HMG alla dose di 225 UI/die inizia il giorno dopo l’ovulazione, in contemporanea con il letrozolo, ma viene prolungata fino a che almeno 3 follicoli raggiungono il diametro medio di 18 mm. In quel giorno la maturazione follicolare è sviluppata da 1/2 fiala (1,75 mg) di analogo depot i.m. ed il pick-up è effettuato 36 ore dopo (37,38). Il razionale della stimolazione ovarica in fase luteale si basa sull’esperienza consolidata che è possibile ottenere buoni ovociti anche in fase luteale continuando una stimolazione ovarica iniziata normalmente nella fase follicolare dello stesso ciclo (flexible ovarian stimulation) (39). Il razionale della somministrazione di letrozolo si basa sull’ipotesi che gli inibitori dell’aromatasi possano mimare l’azione del Clomifene nel ridurre il feedback negativo degli estrogeni sulla secrezione dell’ormone follicolo-stimolante (FSH), senza produrre l’intensa deplezione dei recettori estrogenici tipica del clomifene. Si viene a mimare un microambiente endocrino molto simile alle donne PCOS che notoriamente sono iperresponsive alla stimolazione ovarica. I risultati dei primi studi pubblicati sembrano lusinghieri presentando un PR del 50% circa (37).
Supplementazione luteale: la concentrazione plasmatica di progesterone ed estradiolo nei cicli IVF tende a diminuire bruscamente in fase luteale. Si è cercato di porre rimedio a tale situazione con la somministrazione di progesterone micronizzato ed estradiolo valerato. Molteplici trial clinici randomizzati effettuati da diversi AA. concordano nel dimostrare la validità della supplementazione progestinica e/o HCG in termini di significativo aumento dell’outcome gravidico. Viceversa nessun miglioramento si osserva nei cicli supplementati con estradiolo (23-27). Interessante ma da verificare è lo studio di AA. messicani sulla somministrazione vaginale di Sildanefil in poor responder che presentano scarso aumento del thickness endometriale (<7 mm) al giorno del pich-up di un prcedente ciclo IVF. Il Sildanefil avrebbe un effetto eutrofizzante sull’endometrio e favorirebbe l’annidamento (28).
- progesterone per applicazione vaginale (Progeffik, Prometrium gel vaginale o cpr 200 mg/die; Crinone 8 gel vaginale: 1-2 applicazioni al dì). La somministrazione di P per via intramuscolare (Prontogest fl 100 mg: 1/2 fl al dal giorno del transfer per 21 giorni) presenta gli stessi risultati ma ovviamente è meno gradita alle pazienti. La somministrazione di didrogesterone orale è ancor più gradita dalle pazienti ma presenta un minor outcome gravidico.
- HCG 2.000 UI/die: è più efficace, incrementa la secrezione di progesterone ed estradiolo ma presenta il rischio di iperstimolazione ovarica severa (OHSS) (15).
- E2: 2-6 mg/die di estradiolo valeriato (Progynova cpr 2 mg) dal giorno dell’embryo transfer per 21 giorni.
- Sildanefil: una compressa da 50 mg/die è inserita in vagina dal 9° giorno di stimolazione e fino al giorno pecedente l’embryo transfer. L’unico effetto collaterale osservato del farmaco era un lieve arrossamento vaginale che scompariva spontaneamente dopo la sospensione del farmaco.
- Antiossidanti: la somministrazione di fattori antiossidanti come la Vitamina C, vitamina E e carotenoidi sembra influenzare positivamente l’oucome ovocitario e gravidico come dimostrato dal rilevamento di alte concentrazioni sieriche di tali fattori in donne sottoposte a cicli FIV e risultate gravide rispetto al gruppo di pazienti in cui la FIV non ha dato esito positivo (40).
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