Fumo in gravidanza – nonostante la consapevolezza degli effetti nocivi del fumo in gravidanza, il 25% delle gravide non riesce a smettere di fumare in gravidanza. Il fumo di sigaretta (e di tabacco in genere), è una miscela di gas (87%), vapori (5%) e particelle solide sospese (8%). La maggior parte delle sostanze potenzialmente cancerogene è contenuta nel “catrame”, ovvero nel residuo del fumo ottenuto per allontanamento dell’acqua e della nicotina. Il fumo derivante dalla combustione di una sigaretta contiene oltre 4.000 composti, alcuni dei quali possono danneggiare direttamente l’apparato respiratorio, ma anche indirettamente gli altri organi interni della madre e del feto (1-4). Queste sostanze sono essenzialmente:
- nicotina, contenuta nelle foglie della pianta del tabacco
- monossido di carbonio, prodotto dalla combustione, che interferisce con il trasporto di O2 a livello dell’emoglobina e determina, nonostante la sua minima quantità, leggera ipossiemia.
- idrocarburi policiclici aromatici (IPA), provenienti dalla combustione sia della carta sia del tabacco.
- sostanze irritanti (acroleina, acetaldeide), che bloccano l’epitelio ciliato a tutti i livelli dell’apparato respiratorio.
- sostanze ossidanti.
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