Vaginite da mycoplasmi: malattia sessualmente trasmessa causata da micolplasmi. I Mycoplasmi sono batteri gram+ aerobi obbligati o aerobi/anaerobi facoltativi. Sono i più piccoli procarioti in grado di moltiplicarsi in modo autonomo, caratterizzati da assenza di parete batterica, sostituita da una membrana flessibile, con conseguente pleiomorfismo che ne rende difficile l’identificazione anche dopo cultura in vitro. Alcune specie di micoplasma hanno anche l’unica capacità di sfuggire completamente agli attacchi del sistema immunitario. Una volta adesi alle cellule epiteliali, il loro plasma e lo strato proteinico possono apparire come la parete della cellula ospite e quindi il sistema immunitario non riesce a riconoscerli come agenti esterni all’organismo.
Sono state isolate circa 40 specie di Mycoplasmi: quelli che rivestono maggiore importanza per la loro frequenza nella patologia ostetrico-ginecologica sono il Mycoplasma hominis e l’Ureaplasma urealyticum. Quest’ultimo, da solo o in associazione con il M. hominis, è responsabile del 30% circa delle infezioni cervico-vaginali, vulviti e uretriti rivestendo un ruolo di patogeno “emergente” sia in ostetricia che in ginecologia .
La loro azione patogena si esplica mediante una prima fase di “adesività”, in modo particolare alla parete delle mucose, seguita dalla liberazione di sostanze tossiche quali perossidi e ammoniaca (da cui il nome urealyticum) o enzimi in grado di danneggiare la superficie cellulare epiteliale.
Di recente, soprattutto in casi di infezioni a decorso cronico, è stata focalizzata l’attenzione su un’altra specie, M. genitalium, a trasmissione prevalentemente sessuale. La sua azione patogena è legata non solo alla capacità adesiva ma alla capacità di penetrare nelle cellule della mucosa genito-urinaria.
Tuttavia spesso questi microrganismi coesistono con il loro ospite in un equilibrio senza sintomatologia clinica che può rompersi, esitando in malattia conclamata con tendenza alla cronicizzazione.
Sintomatologia:
- L’infezione cronicizzata può essere esente da sintomatologia.
- La sintomatologia classica prevede leucorrea muco-purulenta grigio-giallastra e prurito vulvo-vaginale,
- disuria, ematuria e pollachiuria.
- Dispareunia
Diagnosi:
- All’osservazione vaginale con speculum si nota la mucosa vaginale e cervicale arrossata e ricoperta da secrezioni adese e maleodoranti.
- Cultura in vitro su appositi terreni di cultura del secreto vaginale raccolto nel fornice posteriore mediante tampone. Il terreno di trasporto deve essere uguale a quello di cultura. Ma la percentuale di falsi negativi è piuttosto frequente ed in caso di positività occorre tener presente che il mycoplasma può essere presente per molto tempo dopo I’infezione. Per tali motivi.la maggior parte delle diagnosi è di tipo sierologico.
- Tests sierologici: Il test sierologico più comunemente disponibile è quello della fissazione del complemento (CF), sebbene un crescente numero di laboratori di diagnosi stia utilizzando il test enzimatico (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA). Con entrambi i metodi circa il 90% dei pazienti dimostra un’elevazione di quattro volte nei titoli (dopo 2-3 settimane) o un titofo singolo di 1:32 o più. Questi test comportano, comunque, dei problemi: primo, il titolo CF può rimanere elevato per un anno dopo l’infezione; secondo, I’antigene glicolipidico usato per il test non è specifico per il Mycoplasma; possono esservi quindi dei falsi positivi, ad esempio in alcune sindromi neurologiche e nelle pancreatiti; terzo, esistono reazioni falsamente negative con entrambi i test; quarto, alcuni adulti producono solo anticorpi IgG, così la fissazione del complemento, che determina principalmente IgM, con più facilità è falsamente negativa; quinto, gli anticorpi compaiono solo dopo 7-10 giorni dall’inizio della malattia, non producendo quindi nessun aiuto diagnostico precoce della causa d’infezione; in ultimo, il rilievo delle IgM non prova che l’infezione sia in atto, poiché esse possono persistere per mesi, potendo indicare quindi un’infezione recente, piuttosto che presente al momento.
- Metodi di determinazione diretta includono tecniche di ricerca antigenica, sonde a DNA e PCR. Di queste, la più promettente in termini di velocità, sensibilità e specificità è la PCR, sebbene costi e limitata disponibilità generale ne limitino l’uso routinario. Inoltre, la rilevanza della determinazione del Mycoplasma nelle secrezioni è limitata in vista di uno stato di portatore prolungato.
- PCR, Pro-calcitonina, leucocitosi neutrofila.
Praticamente per la diagnosi vengono valutati uno dei seguenti parametri:
a) rialzo di quattro volte del titolo anticorpale,
b) titolo singolo anticorpale > l:32,
c) titolo d’agglutinine fredde >1:64
d) singola determinazione delle IgM.
Complicazioni: In ostetricia molte osservazioni suggeriscono un ruolo importante nella patogenesi dell’aborto spontaneo e della rottura prematura delle membrane (PROM) e del parto pretermine, a causa di corionamnioniti e flogosi placentare; si osserva inoltre aumentata incidenza di polmoniti e meningiti neonatali (1-8).
In ginecologia è stato dimostrato come l’aumento della frequenza della eziologia infettiva sia causa di sterilità e di infertilità in circa il 30% di casi. Ciò può avvenire attraverso tre meccanismi:
- ostacolo alla migrazione degli spermatozoi, o per un aumento della viscosità del muco o per la riduzione del pH;
- mediante un effetto diretto dei germi sugli spermatozoi, in quanto il Mycoplasma attaccandosi ad essi forma una tumefazione del tratto intermedio;
- per un aumento degli anticorpi antispermatozoi (ASA).
COMPLICANZE: le vaginiti da micoplasma sono in grado di provocare (come conseguenza ultima) anche la Malattia Infiammatoria Pelvica (PID).
- ANTIBIOTICI – La terapia standard è rappresentata dalla tetraciclina cloridrato (Ambramicina® cps 250 mg x 2/die) o dall’eritromicina (Eritrocina® cpr 600 mg x 2/die) dose di 1 gr x 2/die) e fluorochinolonici (Ciproxin® cpr, Tavanic® cpr 250, 500 m, Levoxacin® cpr 250, 500 mg flacone ev 250 mg 50 ml). La doxiciclina (Bassado® cpr 100 mg x 2/die) ed i macrolidi (azitromicina -Azitrocin®, Zitromax® cpr- e claritromicina -Veclam® cpr- 500 mg x 2/die) possono sostituire, rispettivamente, la tetraciclina e I’eritromicina in caso di antibiotico-resistenza. Le tetracicline devono essere evitate nei bambini al di sotto degli 8 anni e nelle donne gravide. La durata della terapia è di 10-14 giorni ma terapie più lunghe possono evitare le recidive che si verificano nel 5-10% delle pazienti. Ricordare che la struttura del Mycoplasma, non essendo dotato di parete batterica, rimane del tutto immune nei confronti di quegli antibiotici che lavorano sulla sintesi della parete batterica stessa (penicilline e più in generale dei beta lattamici, come ad esempio Augmentin).
- Analgesici per alleviare il dolore, soprattutto nel caso di evoluzione verso una PID.
- Antipiretici nel caso di febbre.
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