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ANTINFIAMMATORI
Acido acetilsalicilico (ASA): estratto daIla corteccia del salice bianco fu sintetizzato e commercializzato in Germania per la prima volta da Hermann Kolbe nel 1860. Il suo meccanismo d’azione consiste nell’inibire la sintesi delle prostaglandine e dei trombossani inibendo la ciclossigenasi (41-44). il composto trova impiego solo, o associato ad altri principi che ne limitano gli effetti collaterali, come analgesico per dolori lievi, come antipiretico e come antiinfiammatorio. Ha, inoltre, un effetto antiaggregante piastrinico e come tale è utilizzato per la prevenzione dell’ischemia cardiaca, nell’insufficienza placentare e per favorire l’annidamento embrionale dopo il transfer nelle tecniche FIVET. A piccole dosi (100 mg/die) per periodi prolungati, sembra avere anche un’efficacia preventiva contro l’insorgenza di neoplasie (44). In gravidanza un uso prolungato in dose >500 mg/die può indurre ittero neonatale, chiusura precoce del dotto di Botallo ed aumento della perdita ematica intrapartum.
Paracetamolo (N-acetil-para-amminofenolo) è un farmaco ad azione analgesica e antipiretica largamente utilizzato sia da solo, sia in associazione ad altre sostanze per le forme virali da raffreddamento, o nei farmaci destinati al trattamento del dolore acuto e cronico (19-20). Non si può considerare un farmaco antinfiammatorio non steroideo (FANS). Non ha infatti attività antiaggregante e la sua attività antinfiammatoria è molto debole, sempre però riferita ad inibizione della sintesi delle prostaglandine. Le controindicazioni per la gestante sono collegate alla funzionalità epatica (21,22). In gravidanza, anche nel 1° trimestre, si può permettere il paracetamolo in dosi di 200 mg x 3 volte al dì per os oppure 1000 mg x 2/die per via rettale. Se somministrato nel III° trimestre, si può notare un aumento di dispnea, rinocongiuntivite allergica ed eczema atopico nei neonati (23,24).
FANS (Farmaci Antinfiammatori Non Steroidei): agiscono inibendo la sintesi delle prostaglandine. Se somministrati a termine di gravidanza possono indurre chiusura precoce del dotto di Botallo, insuffucienza renale fetale, inibizione dell’aggregazione piastrinica, gravidanza pretermessa e allungamento delle fasi del travaglio di parto.
Altri FANS: più severe limitazioni riguardano l’uso dei derivati del pirazolone, aminofenazone, metamizolo, fenilbutazone, propifenazone e dell’indometacina, teratogena nei primi mesi e capace di indurre la precoce chiusura del dotto di Botallo nel IIIº trimestre.
Cortisonici: Labiopalatoschisi se somministrati prima della 14a w. Depressione surrenalica e insufficienza placentare sono stati osservati in caso di somministrazione nel II-III° trimestre di gravidanza.
Penicillamina: derivato dall’idrolisi della penicillina ed utilizzato per la terapia del morbo di Wilson e dell’artrite reumatoide. E’ teratogeno e quindi rientra nella categoria D della FDA.
Antinfiammatori enzimatici: il propoli può essere utilizzato senza alcun pericolo. La bromelina (Wobenzym vital cpr, Ananase 100 cpr, Keratose cpr) e il Seaprose (Flaminase cpr) vanno utilizzati solo in caso di effettiva necessità e sotto il diretto controllo medico.
tab 14 – antinfiammatori | farmaco | management in gravidanza |
INIBITORI delle PROSTAGLANDINE |
(Ac. Acetil Salicilico, ASA): aspirina® >500 mg/die |
ctg A3 della FDA
nel 1° trimestre aumenta il rischio di aborto nel II-III° trimestre rischio di malformazioni del SNC, malformazioni intestinali, malformazioni arti inferiori, ittero nucleare, gravidanza pretermessa, emorragie perinatali, prematura chiusura dotto di Botallo |
Paracetamolo:tachipirina®, efferalgan®acetamoloparacetamolo | Ctg A3
Tossicità epatica e renale per la gestante Modesto rischio di aborto, se somministrato nel I° trim dispnea, rinocongiuntivite allergica ed eczema atopico neonatale se somministrato nel III° trimestre |
|
paracetamolo + codeina:
Tachidol® |
ctg C Controindicato in gravidanza |
|
FANS
(anch’essi inibitori della sintesi delle Pg) |
Acido Mefenamico (Lysalgo®),
Ac. Tiaprofenico (Surgamyl),
Piroxicam (Feldene, Brexin),
Diclofenac (Voltaren®, Dicloreum, Dealgic),
Ibuprofene (Nurofen, Brufen),
Naproxene (Naprosyn, Xenar),
Ketoprofene (Orudis, Fastum),
Nimesulide (Mesulid cpr, bustine, mesulid fast bustine), Ketoralac (Toradol, Lixidol), Sulindac (Clinoril), Tenoxicam (Dolmen, Rexalgan, Tilcotil)
|
Ctg C (controindicati in gravidanza e allattamento)ipertensione polmonare fetale,
chiusura prematura del dotto arterioso di Botallo ipertensione polmonare, oliguria fetale, oligoamnios, maggior rischio di emorragie, inerzia uterina ed edema periferico materno. Sono stati riportati casi isolati di insufficienza renale in neonati di donne che avevano assunto FANS nell’ultimo periodo di gravidanza. |
FANS |
Pirazolone, Aminofenazone, metamizolo, fenilbutazone, propifenazone |
ctg X teratogeni se somministrati <14 settimane |
FANS |
indometacina (Indoxen) |
categoria X teratogena nel 1° trim |
FANS + inibitori della pompa idrogenionica | Misofenac cpr (diclofenac + misoprostolo) | ctg Cil misoprostol, aumentando l’ampiezza e la frequenza delle contrazioni uterine, può provocare aborto o parto pre-maturo.Può inoltre indurre una chiusura prematura del dotto arterioso di Botallo. |
Corticosteroidi | ctg C
Labiopalatoschisi se somministrati <14 w depressione surrenalica e insufficienza placentare nel II-III° trimestre |
|
Palmitoiletanolamide | Normast® microgranuli orosolubili in bustine, cpr | ctg A2 |
OPPIACEI |
||
Pentazocina | Talwin® fl im/ev | ctg C Depressione respiratoria e crisi di astinenza nei neonati di madri con utilizzo prolungato di oppiacei in gravidanza |
tramadolo | Contramal®, Fortradol, Prontalgin | |
Buprenorfina | Temgesic® | |
Petidina | meperidina | |
metadone | eptadone | |
codeina | co-efferalgan, Hederix, Tachidol | |
Diidrocodeina | paracodina |
ANTINFIAMMATORI ENZIMATICI:
- Wobenzym cpr (bromelina + papaina + tripsina + chimotripsina e bioflavonoidi estratti da semi di vitis vinifera e Vit C + Vit D + Vit E)
- Keratose 100 cpr (bromelina + Vit A + Vit A + Omega-6 + Ac. Gamma Linoleico -AGL- )
- Flaminase cpr (Seaprose S)
- Ananase 100 confetti (bromelina) antiflogistico e antiedemigeno
- Propoli
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