L’ipofisi anteriore e il lobo ipofisario intermedio si sviluppa nel feto dalla parete anteriore della tasca di Rathke entro la quinta settimana, subito dopo che quest’ultima si è staccata dall’abbozzo faringeo.
La tasca di Rathke è un’invaginazione dell’apparato oro-faringeo in via di sviluppo, stomodeo, di derivazione ectodermica.
Entro la 7a settimana dalla tasca di Rathke si sviluppa il peduncolo ipofisario. La formazione dei vasi portali ipofisari ipotalamici inizia tra la 12ª e la 17ª settimana (1).
In gravidanza l’ipotalamo fetale inizia la secrezione di Gn-RH dalla 6a settimana; dalla 10ª settimana di gestazione l’ipofisi fetale inizia la secrezione di FSH ed LH. Queste gonadotropine si possono riscontrare nel sangue fetale in quantità dosabili a partire dalla 11-12a. Questa notevole secrezione di gonadotropine è riconducibile all’immaturità dell’ipotalamo fetale non ancora sensibile al feed-back negativo esercitato dagli steroidi sessuali circolanti, sia di origine placentare che fetale (1-4). Prelievi ematici effettuati mediante cordocentesi a 17-24 settimane hanno permesso di rilevare che le gonadotropine sono molto più elevate nei feti di sesso femminile che in quelli di sesso maschile (LH, 48 ± 4 vs 6.3 ± 0,7 mUI/ml; FSH, 35 ± 2 vs 0,7 ± 0,1 mUI/ml) (2). In parallelo, sotto lo stimolo delle gonadotropine, androgeni ed estrogeni di origine placentare aumentano nel circolo fetale e stimolano crescita e maturazione delle gonadi.
Gli androgeni e gli estrogeni fetali sono derivati principalmente dalla placenta. La placenta non ha attività del citocromo P450 (CYP17) e 17α-idrossilasi e 17,20-liasi. La placenta sintetizza l’estrogeno dai precursori ricevuti dalla corteccia surrenale fetale. La corteccia surrenale fetale manca dell’enzima 3β-idrossisteroide-deidrogenasi e non può, sintetizzare progesterone o 17α-idrossiprogesterone. Tuttavia, la corteccia surrenale fetale secerne il deidroepiandrosterone (DHEA) e il deidroepiandrosterone solfato (DHEAS) in risposta all’ACTH. Questi intermedi steroidogenici sono utilizzati nella biosintesi degli estrogeni placentari, bypassando CYP17. Gli estrogeni consentono la crescita e lo sviluppo del feto aumentando il flusso ematico uterino durante la gravidanza e inoltre a termine di gravidanza aumentano la contrattilità miometriale e l’insorgenza del travaglio. Nel maschio, le cellule di leydig producono testosterone in risposta alla gonadotropina corionica umana (hCG) e LH tra la 10a e la 20a settimana (39-52).
Con il progredire della gravidanza si osserva una graduale maturazione dei recettori ipotalamici e quindi si ha una inibizione della dismissione di Gn-RH dell’ipotalamo ad opera del feed-back negativo esercitato dagli steroidi. Infatti nella seconda metà della gravidanza si ha una progressiva riduzione dei livelli di FSH ed LH nei feti sia maschili che femminili (LH, 0,24 ± 0,05 vs ± 0,3 mUI/ml; FSH 0,45 ± 0.1 e 0.5 ± 0,1 mUI/ml) (3-5).
Nel feto ci sono aumenti esponenziali delle concentrazioni plasmatiche di cortisolo negli ultimi 10 giorni di gestazione preceduti da incremento di ACTH fetale (3).
Lo stress prenatale, la grave malnutrizione materna, l’insufficienza placentare e l’esposizione materna a glucocorticoidi esogeni possono provocare nel feto alterazioni permanenti della funzionalità dell’asse ipotalamo-ipofisi-surrene (HPA). A tali alterazioni fetali dell’asse ipotalamo-ipofisi-surrene possono essere correlati diabete mellito, ipertensione arteriosa e dislipidemia ad insorgenza in età adulta (4) specialmente nei feti di sesso femminile (5). La terapia con glucocorticoidi a fine gravidanza per promuovere la maturazione polmonare fetale e prevenire la sindrome delle membrane ialine non sembra avere gravi complicazioni, a basse dosi, sull’asse HPA per la diminuita sensibilità recettoriale ipotalamica in questo periodo della gravidanza (6,7). Tuttavia i glicocorticoidi sintetici, a differenza dei glucocorticoidi endogeni,
-
non sono metabolizzati dalla steroido-deidrogenasi placentare (11-β-HSD2) e conseguentemente aumentano i mineralcorticoidi nel circolo fetale (8)
-
i glicocorticoidi sintetici possono legarsi oltre che ai recettori per i glicocorticoidi anche ai recettori neurosteroidei cerebrali (9).
I recettori glucocorticoidi (GR) e mineralcorticoidi (MR) sono presenti nella corteccia cerebrale fetale e in tutte le regioni dell’ippocampo e giro dentato dal 40° giorno di gestazione con un picco al 3° mese ed una costante diminuzione dal 2° trimestre fin quasi a termine di gravidanza per poi ripresentare un picco all’inizio del travaglio (10).
Per tali motivi, in Nord America, una conferenza di aggiornamento consenso National Institutes of Health raccomanda di limitare l’uso di dosi multiple e ripetute di betametasone e raccomandazioni analoghe sono state fatte in Europa (6-8).
Alla nascita si ha una caduta degli steroidi di origine placentare e materna (17-alfa-OH-P, DHEA, EE) e questo provoca nel neonato un aumento della concentrazione delle gonadotropine ipofisarie che inizia al termine della prima settimana di vita (11-14). Tale aumento delle GN si osserva nel maschio fino al 1° mese di nascita per poi decrescere rapidamente fino a raggiungere i valori pre-puberali. Nelle femmine, invece, la concentrazione di FSH e LH aumenta fino al 4° anno di vita prima di decrescere ai valori pre-puberali. Il decremento delle gonadotropine è dovuto all’incremento della secrezione steroidea ad opera dell’asse ipotalamo-ipofisi-surrenale.
Dopo la nascita, nel neonato le concentrazioni di FSH ed LH aumentano a causa del feed-back positivo esercitato dalla brusca caduta dei livelli steroidei di origine materna e placentare. Nelle femmine l’aumento di Gn continua fino ai tre mesi di vita, dopo di che cominciano a decrescere per raggiungere i valori prepuberali verso i 3-4 anni di vita.
Nel neonato di sesso maschile, invece, l’aumento è molto meno evidente, il massimo viene raggiunto intorno al primo mese di vita, dopo di che i valori decrescono per raggiungere i valori prepuberali intorno al quarto mese (15-38).
Fanciullezza: è il periodo che va da 4 agli 8 anni di età, si hanno bassi livelli di gonadotropine e di steroidi sessuali in tutti e due i sessi.
Questi valori ridotti sono dovuti alla sensibilità dei centri ipotalamici al meccanismo di feed-back negativo esercitato dagli steroidi che in questo periodo è particolarmente evidente. E’ inoltre da tenere presente che in questa fase, come nella precedente, manca l’effetto di feed-back positivo esercitato dagli estrogeni, ed in particolare dall’estradiolo, sull’ipotalamo nella vita adulta. Durante questa fase si ha un graduale aumento dell’escrezione urinaria degli steroidi di origine gonadica, mentre dopo gli otto anni cominciano ad aumentare gli steroidi di origine surrenalica.
Il 17-α-OH-P é un ormone steroideo, progestinico naturale, prodotto in gran parte dalle cellule della teca interna del follicolo in crescita e del corpo luteo e, in quantità minore, dalla corteccia surrenale. La concentrazione sierica di 17-α-OH-P decresce rapidamente dopo la nascita e, per entrambi i sessi ,rimane bassa e costanei durante l’infanzia (0.1-0.5 ng/ml) e aumenta progressivamente durante la pubertà, dove raggiunge i livelli dell’adulto di circa 10-15 ng/ml. Il 17-α-OH-P deriva dalla idrossilazione del progesterone e costituisce il precursore della serie degli androgeni C19 (androstenedione e testosterone). Il suo principale catabolita è il pregnandiolo escreto per via urinaria (12%) e nelle feci (10%). Il 17-α-OH-P non ha un ruolo fisiologico definito tranne che come precursore ma la sua secrezione rappresenta una importante indice dell’attività surrenalica. Attualmente è sempre più oggetto di valutazione per lo studio dell’irsutismo e della PCOS. (53-62)
Verso i 10 anni di età inizia nelle femmine lo sviluppo mammario (telarca) fa seguito l’adrenarca (sviluppo dei peli pubici e ascellari): inizia a livello pubico e prosegue a livello ascellare; come per il telarca, Tanner distingue cinque fasi di adrenarca, da P1 a P5. L’adrenarca è dovuto alla secrezione surrenalica di DHEA ed all’inizio della secrezione di androstenedione da parte delle cellule dello stroma ovarico. La secrezione del DHEA aumenta prima della maturazione dell’asse ipotalamo-ipofisi-ovaio; il DHA compare in circolo prima delle gonadotropine mentre il testosterone compare quando inizia la secrezione dell’FSH e dell’LH. E’ probabile, quindi, che il DHEA giochi un ruolo importante sulla maturazione dell’asse ipotalamo-ipofisi-ovaio.
PUBERTA’: la pubertà segue l’adrenarca di circa due anni. Il momento del passaggio dalla fanciullezza all’adolescenza e quindi l’inizio della pubertà, è dato da una riduzione della sensibilità dell’ipotalamo al feed-back negativo esercitato dagli steroidi sessuali sulla dismissione degli ormoni ipotalamo-ipofisari.
In una fase più avanzata dello sviluppo puberale si manifesta anche un meccanismo di feed-back positivo da parte degli estrogeni, specie dell’estradiolo, sulla secrezione gonadotropinica. A tale meccanismo è dovuto il caratteristico picco gonadotropinico che compare a metà ciclo nella donna adulta. Alla modificazioni della risposta ipotalamica agli stimoli endocrini di natura gonadica, va aggiunto un processo di maturazione del sistema nervoso centrale, che interviene con un meccanismo non ancora conosciuto sull’asse ipotalamo-ipofisi-gonadico; si avrebbe l’aumento della secrezione di un fattore gonadotropinico-stimolante o la riduzione di un fattore gonadotropino-inibente. Da tutto ciò deriva un aumento dell’increzione del Gn-RH, cui segue un aumento della secrezione ipofisaria di FSH e LH, la maturazione follicolare e l’elevazione del tasso degli steroidi circolanti che porta alla comparsa dei caratteri sessuali secondari.
Pertanto mentre la fanciullezza è caratterizzata da bassi livelli di gonadotropine, l’adolescenza si accompagna a valori progressivamente crescenti delle gonadotropine e degli steroidi sessuali, sia ovarici che surrenalici.
Oltre alle variazioni quantitative degli ormoni ipotalamo-ipofisi-gonadici, si hanno anche variazioni qualitative delle loro cellule bersaglio, che diventano più sensibili agli stimoli ormonali.
L’inizio della pubertà é caratterizzato dalla comparsa di variazioni cicliche delle concentrazioni ormonali, che corrispondono alla maturazione del follicolo, all’ovulazione ed alla formazione del corpo luteo. Verso i 10 anni, oltre al lieve aumento dei valori basali di FSH ed LH, nonché dell’estradiolo, si cominciano ad osservare delle oscillazioni della concentrazione di LH: inizialmente si ha la comparsa di picchi notturni che scompaiono con la maturazione sessuale.
In quest’ultima fase, si manifesta completamente la secrezione pulsatile delle gonadotropine, tipica dell’età adulta. Tale modalità di secrezione è strettamente dipendente dalla concentrazione degli steroidi sessuali ed infatti la frequenza e l’ampiezza delle scariche pulsatili varia nelle diverse fasi del ciclo mestruale in rapporto alla concentrazione degli steroidi circolanti.
Oltre a queste variazioni che si osservano nel corso della giornata, nella prima pubertà si cominciano ad avere cicli mensili di increzione gonadotropinica (da 28 a 40 giorni), che determinano la maturazione e regressione dei follicoli ovarici, con conseguente incremento della produzione di steroidi.
Nella media pubertà alla caduta degli estrogeni, durante il ciclo, segue la prima mestruazione o “menarca”. La comparsa del menarca è secondaria non solo alle citate variazioni ormonali, ma anche al raggiungimento di un peso” critico”.
Normalmente nei primi due anni dopo il menarca, i cicli sono anovulatori nel 55-90%; tale frequenza scende a circa il 20% nei primi 5 anni.
La situazione ormonale tipica dell’età adulta, compare verso i 14-16 anni, epoca in cui in seguito alla maturazione del tratto ipotalamo-ipofisi-gonadico si ha l’instaurarsi del ciclo mestruale normale.
La pubertà è associata ad un cambiamento della responsività dell’ipofisi al Gn-RH.
E’ sufficientemente documentato che un’alterazione del metabolismo degli androgeni può produrre una pubertà ritardata e che una elevata concentrazione di testosterone inibisce l’asse ipotalamo-ipofisi-ovaio. Una iperreazione delle surrenali allo stress che nell’adolescenza è spesso secondario a problemi psicologici può determinare danni all’orologio biologico con anovularietà ed amenorrea.
La produzione di DHEA e DHEAS, cui segue un lieve aumento dell’androstenedione, inizia verso i 7 anni ed aumenta gradualmente.
L’increzione di testosterone comincia ad aumentare verso i 9-10 anni e raggiunge gradualmente i valori della donna adulta verso i 16 anni.
Gli androgeni, oltre a determinare l’adrenarca, coadiuvano con il GH ipofisario alla crescita staturale; assieme agli estrogeni stimolano l’accrescimento delle cartilagini di coniugazione, ma contemporaneamente sulla stessa cartilagine hanno un’azione maturativa, determinandone l’ossificazione e l’arresto della crescita.
Riassumendo, il quadro ormonale si modifica in primo luogo per la riduzione della sensibilità ipotalamica al feed-back negativo degli estrogeni con innesco dei meccanismi di controllo della pulsatilità ipotalamica della secrezione di LHRH.
L’ipofisi risponde all’LHRH prima con il rilascio del solo FSH, in seguito tende a prevalere la produzione dell’LH. L’FSH comincia a stimolare i follicoli primordiali ed induce lo sviluppo dei recettori allo stesso FSH; in presenza degli estrogeni, inoltre, può indurre anche lo sviluppo dei recettori all’LH, coadiuvato da altri ormoni, quali prolattina, corticosteroidi surrenalici e, forse, GH.
Sotto lo stimolo gonadotropinico le ovaie iniziano la loro attività steroidogenetica, rilasciando inizialmente estrogeni, più tardivamente anche progesterone.
Con l’aumento degli estrogeni ed adeguata disponibilità di LHRH a livello ipotalamico, si ha lo sviluppo del feed-back positivo agli estrogeni, responsabile dell’ “LH surge” a metà ciclo. Anche la prolattina subisce un lieve aumento rispetto ai livelli plasmatici infantili.
Un’ altra modifica riguarda la SHBG (Sex Hormon Binding Globulin), proteina che veicola principalmente estrogeni e testosterone. Durante la pubertà la sua concentrazione plasmatica si riduce lievemente, aumentando così la quota libera, e quindi attiva, di steroidi sessuali.
La sintesi androgenica della corteccia surrenalica sembra avere un ruolo determinante nella progressiva maturazione puberale. Sembra che gli androgeni surrenalici siano attivatori dei centri ipotalamici dai quali parte l’impulso per l’inizio della pubertà. Si dosano gli steroidi urinari sulla seconda minzione rapportando i valori ai livelli di creatininuria.
Valutazione dell’attività della 3-ß-deidrogenasi mediante il rapporto Androsterone + Etiocolanolone/DHEA. Valutazione dell’attività della 21 idrossilasi mediante il rapporto THS + 5-Pregnantriolo/Pregnantriolo. Valutazione dell’attività della 17-a-idrossilasi mediante il rapporto pregnatriolo/pregnandiolo.
Valutazione dell’attività della 17-20 desmolasi mediante il rapporto Androsterone + Etiocolanolone/Pregnantriolo.
Alcuni AA. (1) hanno dimostrato:
1) un aumento significativo (p< 0.001) dell’attività della 17-20 desmolasi fra lo stadio T1 e T2 a conferma di uno shift enzimatico surrenalico in favore della produzione di androgeni.
2) DHEA presente in quantità minima e rappresenta il 50-70% di tutti i 17-K-steroidi presenti nel plasma. Maggiormente rappresentati sono l’androsterone e l’etiocolanolone.
La relazione fra altezza e menarca sembra essere notevole anche se non tale da definire un’altezza “critica”. In uno stadio immediatamente prepuberale notiamo un aumento significativo dell’altezza in concomitanza all’aumento sia degli androgeni che dei corticosteroidi. Così pure molta importanza sembra attribuirsi alla presenza di una massa grassa “critica” al di sotto della quale non scatta il “grilletto” della pubertà (2).
Bibliografia:
- Grumbach MM, Gluckman PD. The human fetal hypothalamus and pituitary gland: The maturation of neuroendocrine mechanisms controlling secretion of fetal pituitary growth hormone, prolactin, gonadotropins, adrenocorticotropin-related peptides, and thyrotropin. In: Tulchinsky D, Little AB, editors. Maternal Fetal Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1994. pp. 193–261.
- Swaab DF, van Leeuwen FW, Dogterom J, Honnebier WJ: “The fetal hypothalamus and pituitary during growth and differentiation”. J Steroid Biochemistry; 1977;8,5:145-551.
- Pepe GJ, Albrecht ED. Regulation of the primate fetal adrenal cortex. Endocr Rev. 1990;11:151–76.
- Beck-Peccoz P1, Padmanabhan V, Baggiani AM, Cortelazzi D, Buscaglia M, Medri G, Marconi AM, Pardi G, Beitins IZ: “Maturation of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function in normal human fetuses: circulating levels of gonadotropins, their common alpha-subunit and free testosterone, and discrepancy between immunological and biological activities of circulating follicle-stimulating hormone”. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991 Sep;73(3):525-32.
- Fowden AL, Li J & Forhead AJ (1998). Glucocorticoids and the preparation for life after birth: are there long-term consequences of the life insurance? Proc Nutr Soc 57, 113–122.
- P. BECK-PECCOZ, V. PADMANABHAN, A. M. BAGGIANI, D. CORTELAZZI, M. BUSCAGLIA, G. MEDRI, A. M. MARCONI, G. PARDI, and I. Z. BEITINS: “Maturation of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Function in Normal Human Fetuses: Circulating Levels of Gonadotropins, Their Common a-Subunit and Free Testosterone, and Discrepancy between Immunological and Biological Activities of Circulating Follicle-Stimulating Hormone”. J. Clin. Endocr & Metab. 2013;73;3
- Pepe GJ, Albrecht ED. Regulation of the primate fetal adrenal cortex. Endocr Rev. 1990;11:151–76.
- Dalziel SR, Walker NK, Parag V, Mantell C, Rea HH, Rodgers A & Harding JE (2005). Cardiovascular risk factors after antenatal exposure to betamethasone: 30-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 365, 1856–1862.
- Ma S, Shipston MJ, Morilak D & Russell JA (2005). Reduced hypothalamic vasopressin secretion underlies attenuated adrenocorticotropin stress responses in pregnant rats. Endocrinology 146, 1626–1637.
- van Uum SH, Hermus AR, Smits P, Lenders JW: “The role of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the pathogenesis of hypertension”. Cardiovasc Res. 1998 Apr;38(1):16-24.
- Brunton PJ, Meddle SL, Ma S, Ochedalski T, Douglas AJ & Russell JA (2005). Endogenous opioids and attenuated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to immune challenge in pregnant rats. J Neurosci 25, 5117–5126.
- Kliewer SA, Moore JT, Wade L, Staudinger JF, Watson MA, Jones SA, McKee DD, Oliver BB, Willson TM, Zetterström RH, Perlmann T & Lehmann JM (1998). An orphan nuclear receptor activated by pregnanes defines a novel steroid signalling pathway. Cell 92, 73–8, 2.
- Setiawan E, Owen D, McCabe L, Kostaki A, Andrews MH & Matthews SG (2004). Glucocorticoids do not alter developmental expression of hippocampal or pituitary steroid receptor coactivator-1 and -2 in the late gestation fetal guinea pig. Endocrinology 145, 3796–3803
- Gilstrap LC (2001). Antenatal corticosteroids revisited: repeat courses. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement, August 17–18, 2000. Obstet Gynecol 98, 144–150.
- Kinch R.A.H.: “The gynecology of Childood an adolescence”. Can Fam Physician; 1969; 15(5):85
- Surks MI, Ortiz E, Daniels GH, Sawin CT, Col NF, Cobin RH, Franklyn JA, Hershman JM, Burman KD, Denke MA et al: “Subclinical thyroid disease: scientific review and guidelines for diagnosis and management. Journal of the American Medical Association 2004 291 228–238.
- Cooper DS & Biondi B: Subclinical thyroid disease. Lancet 2012 379 1142–1154.
- Canaris GJ, Manowitz NR, Mayor G & Ridgway EC: . The Colorado thyroid disease prevalence study. Archives of Internal Medicine 2000 160 526–534.
- Parle JV, Franklyn JA, Cross KW,Jones SC &Sheppard MC . Prevalence and follow-up of abnormal thyrotrophin (TSH) concentrations in the elderly in the United Kingdom. Clinical Endocrinology 1991 34 77–83.
- Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Flanders WD, Hannon WH, Gunter EW, Spencer CA & Braverman LE . Serum TSH, T(4), and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2002 87 489–499.
- Zhang FP, Poutanen M, Wilbertz J, Huhtaniemi I. Normal prenatal but arrested postnatal sexual development of luteinizing hormone receptor knockout (LuRKO) mice. Mol Endocrinol. 2001;15:172–83.
- Aslan AR, Kogan BA, Gondos B. Testicular development. In: Polin RA, Fox WW, Abmans SH, editors. Fetal and Neonatal Physiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2004. pp. 1950–5.
- Diczfalusy E. Endocrine functions of the human fetoplacental unit. 1964. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;193:2024.
- Brandenberger AW, Tee MK, Lee JY, Chao V, Jaffe RB. Tissue distribution of estrogen receptors alpha (ER-alpha) and beta (ER-beta) mRNA in the midgestational human fetus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:3509–12.
- Wood CE. Estrogen/hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis interactions in the fetus: The interplay between placenta and fetal brain. J Soc Gynecol Investig. 2005;12:67–76.
- Winter JS. Fetal and neonatal adrenocortical physiology. In: Polin RA, Fox WW, Abman SH, editors. Fetal and Neonatal Physiology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2004. pp. 1915–25.
- Burrow GN, Fisher DA, Larsen PR. Maternal and fetal thyroid function. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:1072–8.
- Fisher DA, Nelson JC, Carlton EI, Wilcox RB. Maturation of human hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid function and control. Thyroid. 2000;10:229–34
- Santisteban P. Development and anatomy of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. In: Braverman LE, Utiger RD, editors. The Thyroid. 9th ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott; 2005. pp. 8–25.
- Brown RS, Huang SA, Fisher DA. The maturation of thyroid function in the perinatal period and during childhood. In: Braverman LE, Utiger RD, editors. The Thyroid. 9th ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott; 2005. pp. 1013–28.
- Morreale de Escobar G, Obregon MJ, Escobar del Rey F. Role of thyroid hormone during early brain development. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004;151(Suppl 3):U25–37.
- Parlato R, Rosica A, Rodriguez-Mallon A, Affuso A, Postiglione MP, Arra C, et al. An integrated regulatory network controlling survival and migration in thyroid organogenesis. Dev Biol. 2004;276:464–75.
- Hume R, Simpson J, Delahunty C, van Toor H, Wu SY, Williams FL, et al. Human fetal and cord serum thyroid hormones: Developmental trends and interrelationships. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:4097–103.
- Girard J. Control of fetal and neonatal glucose metabolism by pancreatic hormones. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989;3:817–36.
- Sperling MA. Carbohydrate metabolism: Insulin and glucagons. In: Tulchinsky D, Little AB, editors. Maternal-Fetal Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1994. pp. 380–400.
- Liu JL, Coschigano KT, Robertson K, Lipsett M, Guo Y, Kopchick JJ, et al. Disruption of growth hormone receptor gene causes diminished pancreatic islet size and increased insulin sensitivity in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2004;287:E405–13.
- Padbury JF. Functional maturation of the adrenal medulla and peripheral sympathetic nervous system. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989;3:689–705.
- Luo ZC, Nuyt AM, Delvin E, Audibert F, Girard I, Shatenstein B, et al. Maternal and fetal IGF-I and IGF-II levels, fetal growth, and gestational diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:1720–8.
- Sunil Kumar Kota, Kotni Gayatri, Sruti Jammula, Lalit Kumar Meher, Siva Krishna Kota, S. V. S. Krishna, andKirtikumar D. Modi: Fetal endocrinology. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Jul-Aug; 17(4): 568–579.
- Harley VR, Clarkson MJ, Argentaro A. The molecular action and regulation of the testis-determining factors, SRY (sex-determining region on the Y chromosome) and SOX9 [SRY-related high-mobility group (HMG) Box9] Endocr Rev. 2003;24:466–87.
- Park SY, Jameson JL. Minireview: Transcriptional regulation of gonadal development and differentiation. Endocrinology. 2005;146:1035–42.
- Zhang FP, Poutanen M, Wilbertz J, Huhtaniemi I. Normal prenatal but arrested postnatal sexual development of luteinizing hormone receptor knockout (LuRKO) mice. Mol Endocrinol. 2001;15:172–83.
- Aslan AR, Kogan BA, Gondos B. Testicular development. In: Polin RA, Fox WW, Abmans SH, editors. Fetal and Neonatal Physiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2004. pp. 1950–5.
- Byskov AG, Westergaard LG. Differentiation of the ovary. In: Polin RA, Fox WW, Abman SH, editors. Fetal and Neonatal Physiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphila: WB Saunders; 2004. pp. 1941–9.
- Fulton N, Martins da Silva SJ, Bayne RA, Anderson RA. Germ cell proliferation and apoptosis in the developing human ovary. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:4664–70.
- Mesiano S, Jaffe RB. Neuroendocrine-metabolic regulation of pregnancy. In: Strauss JF 3rd, Barbieri RL, editors. Reproductive Endocrinology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2004. pp. 327–66.
- Diczfalusy E. Endocrine functions of the human fetoplacental unit. 1964. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;193:2024.
-
Brandenberger AW, Tee MK, Lee JY, Chao V, Jaffe RB. Tissue distribution of estrogen receptors alpha (ER-alpha) and beta (ER-beta) mRNA in the midgestational human fetus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:3509–12.
-
Couse JF, Korach KS. Estrogen receptor null mice: What have we learned and where will they lead us? Endocr Rev. 1999;20:358–417.
-
Garcia-Falgueras A, Pinos H, Collado P, Pasaro E, Fernandez R, Jordan CL, et al. The role of the androgen receptor in CNS masculinization. Brain Res. 2005;1035:13–23.
-
Naftolin F, Brawer JR. The effect of estrogens on hypothalamic structure and function. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1978;132:758–65.
-
Colciago A, Negri-Cesi P, Pravettoni A, Mornati O, Casati L, Celotti F. Prenatal Aroclor 1254 exposure and brain sexual differentiation: Effect on the expression of testosterone metabolizing enzymes and androgen receptors in the hypothalamus of male and female rats. Reprod Toxicol. 2006;22:738–45.
-
Honour JW 17-Hydroxyprogesterone in children, adolescents and adults. Ann Clin Biochem. 2014 Jul;51(Pt 4):424-40.
- ughes IA, Winter JS: The application of a serum 17OH-progesterone radioimmunoassay to the diagnosis and management of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Pediatr 1976;88:766-773.
- Speiser PW, White PC: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. N Engl J Med 2003;349:776-788.
- Speiser PW, Azziz R, Baskin LS, Ghizzoni L, Hensle TW, Merke DP, Meyer-Bahlburg HF, Miller WL, Montori VM, Oberfield SE, Ritzen M, White PC, Endocrine Society: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:4133-4160.
- Makela SK, Ellis G: Nonspecificity of a direct 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone radioimmunoassay kit when used with samples from neonates. Clin Chem 1988;34:2070-2075.
- Lee A, Ellis G: Serum 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in infants and children as measured by a direct radioimmunoassay kit. Clin Biochem 1991;24:505-511.
- Ballerini MG, Chiesa A, Scaglia P, Gruñeiro-Papendieck L, Heinrich JJ, Ropelato MG: 17Alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and cortisol serum levels in neonates and young children: influence of age, gestational age, gender and methodological procedures. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2010;23:121-132.
- Sippell WG, Dörr HG, Bidlingmaier F, Knorr D: Plasma levels of aldosterone, corticosterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone, progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, cortisol, and cortisone during infancy and childhood. Pediatr Res 1980;14:39-46.
- 4 Otten BJ, Wellen JJ, Rijen JC, Stoelinga GB, Benraad TJ: Salivary and plasma androstenedione
and 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983;57:1150–1154. - Sippell WG, Becker H, Versmold HT, Bidlingmaier F, Knorr D: Longitudinal studies of plasma aldosterone, corticosterone, deoxycorticosterone, progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, cortisol, and cortisone determined simultaneously in mother and child at birth and during the early neonatal period. I. Spontaneous delivery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1978;46:971–985.
278 commenti
Hello! Quick question that’s totally off topic.
Do you know how to make your site mobile friendly?
My website looks weird when viewing from my iphone4. I’m trying
to find a template or plugin that might be able to fix this
issue. If you have any recommendations, please share. Many thanks!
I am not sure where you are getting your info, but good topic.
I needs to spend some time learning much more or understanding more.
Thanks for wonderful information I was looking for this information for
my mission.
I will immediately seize your rss as I can’t to find your email subscription link or newsletter service.
Do you have any? Kindly let me know so that I may subscribe.
Thanks.
Article writing is also a excitement, if you be acquainted with after
that you can write if not it is difficult to write.
I think this is among the so much vital information for me.
And i’m happy reading your article. But want
to statement on few general issues, The site taste is great,
the articles is truly excellent : D. Good process,
cheers
Just wish to say your article is as astounding. The clarity in your post is simply
spectacular and i can assume you’re an expert on this subject.
Fine with your permission allow me to grab your RSS feed to keep up to date with forthcoming post.
Thanks a million and please carry on the rewarding work.
I feel that is among the such a lot significant
information for me. And i am satisfied studying your article.
However want to commentary on few normal issues, The web site taste is perfect, the
articles is really excellent : D. Excellent activity, cheers
Nice post. I used to be checking constantly this weblog and I am inspired!
Very helpful info particularly the final part 🙂 I take care of such information much.
I was looking for this particular information for a long time.
Thank you and best of luck.
Terrific work! That is the kind of information that are meant to be shared around the net.
Disgrace on Google for now not positioning this
post higher! Come on over and discuss with my site .
Thanks =)
Nice blog right here! Additionally your web site loads up very fast!
What host are you using? Can I get your affiliate hyperlink in your host?
I desire my website loaded up as quickly as yours lol
Hello there, just became aware of your blog through Google, and found that it is
really informative. I’m going to watch out for brussels.
I’ll be grateful if you continue this in future. A lot of people will be benefited from your writing.
Cheers!
Magnificent beat ! I would like to apprentice while you amend your web
site, how can i subscribe for a blog site? The account aided me a appropriate deal.
I were a little bit familiar of this your broadcast offered bright clear concept
I have read so many articles regarding the blogger lovers
but this piece of writing is in fact a nice piece of writing, keep it up.
You really make it seem really easy along with your
presentation but I in finding this matter to be actually one thing which I feel I would by no
means understand. It seems too complex and very vast for me.
I’m looking ahead to your subsequent publish, I will attempt to get the hang of
it!
I’m gone to inform my little brother, that he should also pay a quick visit this blog on regular basis to obtain updated from most recent gossip.
I’m really impressed with your writing skills and also with the layout on your weblog.
Is this a paid theme or did you customize it yourself?
Either way keep up the excellent quality writing, it is rare to see a great blog like this one these days.
bookmarked!!, I love your web site!
That is a really good tip especially to those fresh to the blogosphere.
Simple but very accurate information… Thanks for sharing this one.
A must read article!
Woah! I’m really loving the template/theme of this blog.
It’s simple, yet effective. A lot of times it’s difficult to
get that “perfect balance” between usability and appearance.
I must say you have done a awesome job with this. In addition, the blog loads super fast for me on Opera.
Excellent Blog!
Heya just wanted to give you a brief heads up and let you know a few of the pictures aren’t loading properly.
I’m not sure why but I think its a linking issue. I’ve tried it in two different browsers and both show the same results.
Normally I do not learn post on blogs, however I wish to say
that this write-up very pressured me to take a look at and do it!
Your writing style has been surprised me. Thank you, quite great article.
Pretty nice post. I just stumbled upon your blog and wanted
to say that I have really loved surfing around
your blog posts. After all I will be subscribing to your feed and I’m hoping you write again very soon!
Your way of explaining the whole thing in this piece of writing is genuinely pleasant, every one be capable of easily be aware of it, Thanks a
lot.
I’ve read some good stuff here. Certainly value bookmarking for
revisiting. I wonder how a lot effort you place to create this sort of wonderful informative site.
Thanks for your marvelous posting! I quite enjoyed reading it, you’re a great author.I will be sure to bookmark your blog and will eventually come back down the road.
I want to encourage you to ultimately continue your great job, have a nice afternoon!
I am in fact pleased to glance at this web site posts
which includes plenty of useful data, thanks for
providing these statistics.
Greetings from Los angeles! I’m bored at work so I decided to browse your site on my iphone during
lunch break. I love the information you provide here and can’t wait to take a look when I get home.
I’m surprised at how fast your blog loaded on my mobile ..
I’m not even using WIFI, just 3G .. Anyways, good site!
It’s awesome for me to have a web site, which is helpful designed for my knowledge.
thanks admin
Hey there, I think your blog might be having browser compatibility issues.
When I look at your blog in Ie, it looks fine but when opening in Internet Explorer, it has some overlapping.
I just wanted to give you a quick heads up! Other then that, terrific blog!
My spouse and I stumbled over here from a different website and thought I may
as well check things out. I like what I see so i am just following you.
Look forward to checking out your web page for a second time.
It is really a great and useful piece of info. I am satisfied that you shared this useful information with
us. Please stay us informed like this. Thanks for sharing.
Hello, its pleasant post concerning media print, we all be
aware of media is a impressive source of data.
I’m gone to tell my little brother, that he should also visit this webpage on regular
basis to obtain updated from most up-to-date gossip.
You probably have the Social club error – run the
conventional GTA V launcher and permit it to replace, then shut
and run the cracked launcher again.
Outstanding quest there. What occurred after? Thanks!
Stunning quest there. What occurred after? Take care!
Attractive section of content. I simply stumbled upon your website and in accession capital to say that
I acquire in fact loved account your blog posts. Anyway I’ll be subscribing on your augment or even I success
you get right of entry to consistently fast.
Hello there, just became alert to your blog through Google, and found that it’s really informative.
I am gonna watch out for brussels. I will be grateful if you continue this in future.
Numerous people will be benefited from your
writing. Cheers!
I am sure this post has touched all the internet people, its really really fastidious piece
of writing on building up new webpage.
My brother suggested I might like this blog. He was totally
right. This post actually made my day. You can not imagine simply how much time
I had spent for this info! Thanks!
I believe what you posted made a bunch of sense.
But, consider this, what if you typed a catchier title?
I ain’t saying your content is not solid., however what if you added
a title that grabbed a person’s attention? I mean Endocrinologia
ginecologica del feto, dell
Simply wish to say your article is as surprising. The clearness in your publish is simply excellent and i could think you are an expert in this subject.
Fine along with your permission let me to grasp your feed to keep up to date with drawing close
post. Thank you 1,000,000 and please carry on the enjoyable work.
I was pretty pleased to uncover this page. I need to to thank you for your time for
this particularly wonderful read!! I definitely enjoyed every little bit of it and I have you book marked to
look at new stuff in your website.
Get this system and generate infinite amounts of Gems and Coins in just some minutes.
Hi to every one, it’s genuinely a pleasant for me to
pay a quick visit this web page, it consists of useful Information.
A newsletter is an effective element for any dog training website.
And I will tell you that one of my online marketing friends is making around $700 per week with his blogs.
Many marketers make use of this technology in order to give
a vivid demonstration of the products.
What’s up to every body, it’s my first visit
of this web site; this website consists of awesome and really excellent data designed for visitors.
I love reading through a post that can make people
think. Also, many thanks for allowing me to comment!
Hi there! This blog post could not be written much better!
Reading through this post reminds me of my previous roommate!
He continually kept preaching about this. I most certainly will send
this post to him. Fairly certain he’ll have a very good read.
Thanks for sharing!
Thanks for ones marvelous posting! I really enjoyed
reading it, you might be a great author.I will make sure to bookmark
your blog and definitely will come back sometime
soon. I want to encourage one to continue your great
work, have a nice evening!
Hi to every body, it’s my first visit of this blog; this webpage consists of remarkable and really excellent material
in favor of visitors.
Hi! Do you know if they make any plugins to help with Search
Engine Optimization? I’m trying to get my blog to rank for
some targeted keywords but I’m not seeing very good success.
If you know of any please share. Cheers!
After a few minutes world of tanks cheats software will pop up the message that
you’re now premium user.
Hello! I know this is somewhat off topic but
I was wondering which blog platform are you using for this website?
I’m getting sick and tired of Wordpress because I’ve
had problems with hackers and I’m looking at options for another
platform. I would be great if you could point me in the direction of a
good platform.
What a data of un-ambiguity and preserveness of precious familiarity concerning unpredicted feelings.
Don’t depend in your abilities being recognized – face facts – you might be hosed
at MS in the meanwhile.
Oh my goodness! Amazing article dude! Many thanks, However I am having difficulties with
your RSS. I don’t understand the reason why I am unable to join it.
Is there anybody having the same RSS issues? Anyone that knows the solution will you kindly respond?
Thanx!!
It will require just short while and you’ll grow to be to create hack
for clash of clans to obtain limitless gemstones.
This is very attention-grabbing, You’re an overly professional blogger.
I’ve joined your rss feed and sit up for in quest of more of your
excellent post. Also, I have shared your site in my social networks
Hi, yup this piece of writing is in fact fastidious
and I have learned lot of things from it about blogging. thanks.
It’s a pity you don’t have a donate button! I’d most certainly donate to this brilliant
blog! I suppose for now i’ll settle for bookmarking and adding your RSS feed to
my Google account. I look forward to new updates and will share this website with
my Facebook group. Chat soon!
Great blog! Is your theme custom made or did you download it from somewhere?
A design like yours with a few simple adjustements would really make my blog shine.
Please let me know where you got your theme. Many thanks
Very good info. Lucky me I came across your website
by accident (stumbleupon). I’ve saved it for later!
Excellent post! We will be linking to this great post on our site.
Keep up the good writing.
Hello! Do you know if they make any plugins to protect against hackers?
I’m kinda paranoid about losing everything I’ve worked hard on. Any recommendations?
Hi there, I enjoy reading through your post. I like to write a
little comment to support you.
With havin so much content and articles do you ever run into any issues of plagorism or copyright infringement?
My website has a lot of unique content I’ve either written myself
or outsourced but it looks like a lot of it is popping it up all
over the web without my permission. Do you know any techniques to help protect against
content from being ripped off? I’d really appreciate it.
I constantly spent my half an hour to read this blog’s posts daily along with a mug of
coffee.
Please let me know if you’re looking for a article writer for
your weblog. You have some really great posts and I feel I would be a good asset.
If you ever want to take some of the load off,
I’d really like to write some articles for your blog in exchange for a link
back to mine. Please send me an e-mail if interested.
Thank you!
An impressive share! I’ve just forwarded this onto
a colleague who has been conducting a little homework on this.
And he actually ordered me lunch because I stumbled upon it for him…
lol. So allow me to reword this…. Thank YOU for the meal!!
But yeah, thanks for spending the time to talk about this issue here on your web site.
Hello! I could have sworn I’ve been to this blog before
but after reading through some of the post I realized it’s new to me.
Nonetheless, I’m definitely glad I found it and I’ll be book-marking and checking back often!
I read this piece of writing completely concerning the comparison of
most up-to-date and previous technologies, it’s awesome article.
I am actually happy to glance at this website posts which consists of lots of
valuable data, thanks for providing such information.
After the spackle has actually dried, make use of a firm thing (such as a credit card) to ravel the excess spackle over the gap.
I pay a visit daily some web sites and blogs to read content, however this website provides feature based posts.
Désactiver le conversation caractéristiques dans la catégorie
des jeux vidéo pour nos enfants quel professionnel peuvent pratiquer activement.
Wow, incredible blog structure! How lengthy have you ever been blogging for?
you made blogging look easy. The total glance of your web site
is magnificent, as smartly as the content
material!
Hi this is kinda of off topic but I was wanting to know if blogs use WYSIWYG editors or if you have to manually code with
HTML. I’m starting a blog soon but have no coding know-how so I wanted to get guidance from
someone with experience. Any help would be greatly appreciated!
There is certainly a great deal to know about this issue.
I like all of the points you’ve made.
all the time i used to read smaller articles or reviews that as
well clear their motive, and that is also happening
with this paragraph which I am reading now.
Aw, this was an exceptionally nice post. Taking the time and actual effort to generate
a top notch article… but what can I say… I put
things off a lot and never manage to get anything done.
I need to to thank you for this wonderful read!! I certainly loved every bit of it.
I’ve got you saved as a favorite to look at new stuff you post…
Pros: The labels have been very simple to use and they stayed on. It was much better than my having to put in writing the names
on myself.
This design is wicked! You obviously know how to keep a reader entertained.
Between your wit and your videos, I was almost moved to start my own blog (well, almost…HaHa!)
Great job. I really enjoyed what you had to say,
and more than that, how you presented it. Too cool!
Hello, I think your blog might be having browser compatibility
issues. When I look at your website in Safari, it looks fine
but when opening in Internet Explorer, it has
some overlapping. I just wanted to give you a quick heads up!
Other then that, wonderful blog!
Hi there to every body, it’s my first visit of this website; this blog contains awesome and in fact excellent material in support of visitors.
I have read so many posts concerning the blogger lovers but this paragraph is truly a nice
piece of writing, keep it up.
Everyone loves what you guys tend to be up too.
This type of clever work and reporting! Keep up the
excellent works guys I’ve included you guys to my blogroll.
I know this if off topic but I’m looking into starting my own weblog and was wondering
what all is required to get setup? I’m assuming having a blog like
yours would cost a pretty penny? I’m not very internet savvy so
I’m not 100% positive. Any suggestions or advice would be greatly appreciated.
Cheers
Magnificent goods from you, man. I’ve understand your stuff previous to and you are just
extremely wonderful. I actually like what you have
acquired here, certainly like what you are stating and the way in which you say it.
You make it enjoyable and you still take care of to keep it smart.
I can not wait to read far more from you. This is actually a great website.
Thank you for the auspicious writeup. It actually used to be a leisure account it.
Glance advanced to more added agreeable from you!
By the way, how can we communicate?
Cool blog! Is your theme custom made or did you download it from somewhere?
A theme like yours with a few simple tweeks would really make my blog jump out.
Please let me know where you got your theme. Kudos
I am actually thankful to the owner of this site who
has shared this enormous article at here.
Hey! Do you know if they make any plugins to protect against hackers?
I’m kinda paranoid about losing everything I’ve worked hard on. Any tips?
Good post. I learn something totally new and challenging on sites I stumbleupon every day.
It’s always useful to read content from other writers annd use something from
other sites.
Remarkable! Its really amazing piece of writing, I have got much clear idea on the topic of from this post.
It’s very simple to find out any matter on net as compared to textbooks, as I
found this piece of writing at this website.
Hi, just wanted to say, I liked this blog post.
It was helpful. Keep on posting!
I have read so many content concerning the blogger lovers however this article is genuinely
a fastidious piece of writing, keep it up.
I know this web page offers quality dependent articles and
additional information, is there any other website which gives such stuff in quality?
I have been surfing on-line more than three hours as of late, yet I by no means
found any fascinating article like yours. It is beautiful value sufficient for me.
In my view, if all site owners and bloggers made good content material
as you did, the internet will likely be a lot more helpful
than ever before.
Excellent post. Keep posting such kind of information on your
blog. Im really impressed by your blog.
Hey there, You have performed a fantastic job. I’ll definitely digg it and for
my part recommend to my friends. I am sure they will be benefited from this site.
Good post! We are linking to this great post on our website.
Keep up the good writing.
Hi, i think that i saw you visited my site so i came to “return the
favor”.I’m attempting to find things to enhance my web
site!I suppose its ok to use a few of your ideas!!
This paragraph will help the internet users for building up
new weblog or even a blog from start to end.
Hi I am so glad I found your weblog, I really found you by accident, while I was browsing on Google for something else, Anyways I am here now
and would just like to say thanks a lot for a incredible post and a all round exciting blog (I also love the theme/design), I don’t have time to read through it all at the minute but I have saved it and also added in your
RSS feeds, so when I have time I will be back to read much more, Please do
keep up the excellent jo.
The labels have been straightforward to work with.
What’s up, always i used to check weblog posts here in the early hours in the break of day, since i
enjoy to learn more and more.
Hello! I’ve been reading your blog for a while now and finally got the bravery to go ahead and give you a shout out from
New Caney Texas! Just wanted to say keep up the fantastic work!
Way cool! Somme extremely valid points! I appreciate you writing this write-up plus the
rest oof the website is very good.
Appreciate this post. Will try it out.
I have read so many articles regarding the blogger lovers except this article is truly a fastidious post, keep
it up.
It’s actually a nice and useful piece of information. I am satisfied that you simply shared this
helpful info with us. Please stay us up to date like this.
Thanks for sharing.
Link exchange is nothing else but it is only placing the other person’s weblog
link on your page at proper place and other person will also do same in favor of you.
Hi there, yeah this post is truly fastidious and I have learned lot of things from it about blogging.
thanks.
It’s amazing to visit this website and reading the views of all colleagues on the topic of this piece
of writing, while I am also keen of getting know-how.
Hello there, just became alert to your blog through Google, and
found that it’s truly informative. I’m going to watch out for brussels.
I’ll appreciate if you continue this in future. A lot of people will be benefited from
your writing. Cheers!
It’s going to be ending of mine day, however before finish I am reading this enormous piece of writing to improve
my know-how.
Greetings! Very helpful advice within this post! It is the little changes that make the largest changes.
Many thanks for sharing!
I have been exploring for a little for any high-quality articles or blog posts in this sort of house .
Exploring in Yahoo I eventually stumbled upon this web site.
Reading this information So i’m satisfied to express
that I have an incredibly just right uncanny feeling I found out just what I needed.
I so much surely will make certain to do not omit this web site and
provides it a look regularly.
Thank you for the auspicious writeup. It actually was once a leisure account it.
Glance complicated to more added agreeable from you! However, how can we be in contact?
There is certainly a lot to find out about this topic. I really like all
of the points you made.
What’s up i am kavin, its my first time to commenting anyplace, when i
read this article i thought i could also make comment due
to this brilliant article.
Hello, I want to subscribe for this web site to obtain most up-to-date updates,
thus where can i do it please help.
I pay a quick visit daily some web pages and information sites to read posts, however this web site provides feature
based articles.
For many years, The North Face has been the front runner for mountaineering, outdoor camping, treking, skiing, and also snowboarding.
It’s nearly impossible to find experienced people for this topic, but you
seem like you know what you’re talking about! Thanks
Spot on with this write-up, I seriously believe this amazing site needs
a lot more attention. I’ll probably be back again to see more, thanks for the advice!
Hi to all, because I am genuinely keen of reading this web site’s post
to be updated daily. It consists of fastidious stuff.
Aw, this was an incredibly good post. Taking a few minutes and actual effort to create a great
article… but what can I say… I procrastinate a whole lot
and don’t manage to get nearly anything done.
It’s a shame you don’t have a donate button! I’d most certainly donate to this excellent blog!
I suppose for now i’ll settle for bookmarking and adding your RSS feed
to my Google account. I look forward to new updates
and will share this website with my Facebook group.
Chat soon!
My partner and I stumbled over here different web page and thought I may as well check
things out. I like what I see so i am just following you. Look forward to looking
into your web page for a second time.
I appreciate, result in I discovered just what I used to be looking
for. You have ended my four day lengthy hunt! God Bless you man. Have a great day.
Bye
Hi! I’ve been reading your web site for some time
now and finally got the bravery to go ahead and
give you a shout out from Lubbock Texas! Just wanted to say keep up
the good job!
I got this web page from my friend who told me regarding this web page and now this time I am browsing
this web page and reading very informative posts here.
It’s really very complex in this active life to listen news on TV, so I simply
use world wide web for that purpose, and take the hottest information.
If some one wants to be updated with most recent technologies then he must be pay a
quick visit this website and be up to date daily.
We absolutely love your blog and find most of your post’s to be exactly what I’m looking for.
Do you offer guest writers to write content
for you? I wouldn’t mind writing a post or elaborating on most of the subjects you
write concerning here. Again, awesome weblog!
hi!,I really like your writing so a lot! percentage we keep in touch extra approximately your article on AOL?
I require a specialist on this space to resolve my problem.
Maybe that is you! Looking ahead to peer you.
You need to be a part of a contest for one of the finest blogs
on the web. I’m going to recommend this website!
Good post. I learn something new and challenging on sites I stumbleupon on a
daily basis. It’s always interesting to read content
from other writers and practice a little something from their websites.
I love what you guys are up too. This kind of clever work and coverage!
Keep up the awesome works guys I’ve included you guys to blogroll.
Hey! I’m at work surfing around your blog from my new apple iphone!
Just wanted to say I love reading your blog and look forward to all your posts!
Keep up the superb work!
This is the perfect webpage for anyone who hopes to understand this topic.
You know so much its almost hard to argue with you (not that I actually will need
to…HaHa). You definitely put a fresh spin on a subject that has been discussed for decades.
Great stuff, just wonderful!
I’m gone to tell my little brother, that he should also pay a quick visit this webpage on regular basis to obtain updated from most up-to-date gossip.
I was suggested this web site by my cousin. I am not sure whether this post is written by
him as no one else know such detailed about my problem.
You’re incredible! Thanks!
Everything is very open with a clear explanation of the challenges.
It was really informative. Your site is extremely helpful.
Thanks for sharing!
Thank you a lot for sharing this with all of us you really understand what you’re speaking approximately!
Bookmarked. Please also talk over with my website =).
We will have a hyperlink exchange arrangement between us
Wow, this paragraph is nice, my younger sister is analyzing such things, so
I am going to convey her.
Ӊello There. I found your blog using msn. This
is a very wsll writtrn article. I will make ѕure to bookmark it and retturn to read more
oof your useful infοrmation. Thanks for the pоst.
I’ll certainly comеback.
Hello! I could have sworn I’ve been to this website before but after checking through
some of the post I realized it’snew to me.
Anyways, I’m definitely happy I found it and I’ll be bookmarking and
checking back frequently!
I was recommended this web site by my cousin. I am not sure whether this post is written by him as nobody else
know such detailed about my trouble. You’re amazing!
Thanks!
I just couldn’t go away your website before suggesting that I extremely
loved the standard info a person provide on your visitors?
Is going to be again continuously to check up
on new posts
Good answers in return of this matter with genuine arguments and describing all on the
topic of that.
I think this is among the such a lot vital information for me.
And i am happy reading your article. But should remark
on some general things, The web site style is great,
the articles is really nice : D. Just right activity, cheers
It’s going to be finish of mine day, except before ending I
am reading this fantastic piece of writing to improve my knowledge.
I for all time emailed this weblog post page to all my associates, since if like to read it then my
friends will too.
I think this is one of the most significant information for
me. And i’m glad reading your article. But want to remark on some
general things, The website style is perfect, the articles is really great : D.
Good job, cheers
I love what you guys are usually up too.
This type of clever work and coverage! Keep up the wonderful works guys
I’ve you guys to my personal blogroll.
It’s fantastic that you are getting ideas from this post
as well as from our discussion made at this time.
It is perfect time to make a few plans for the future and it’s time
to be happy. I’ve read this publish and if I may I desire to counsel you some fascinating issues or
suggestions. Maybe you could write next articles relating
to this article. I wish to learn more things about it!
Hey! Would you mind if I share your blog with my myspace group?
There’s a lot of folks that I think would really appreciate your content.
Please let me know. Thanks
Hey very nice blog!
If some one needs expert view on the topic of blogging then i suggest him/her to
visit this weblog, Keep up the pleasant work.
Everything is very open with a clear clarification of the challenges.
It was definitely informative. Your website is extremely helpful.
Thanks for sharing!
If you would like to take a great deal from this article then you have to apply these methods to your won webpage.
There are various leading and renowned manufactures that present you with high
quality and versatile steel buildings. It is an overwhelming prospect to
many, so they dont’ clean out anything, and eventually leave it for their children. Over 90% of items in attics are usually discarded due
to exposure to hot and cold, or items that are no longer useful.
Yes! Finally someone writes about money wordpressorg.
If you desire to improve your experience only keep visiting this website and
be updated with the newest information posted here.
I’ll right away grasp your rss as I can’t to
find your e-mail subscription hyperlink or newsletter service.
Do you have any? Please permit me recognize in order that I
may just subscribe. Thanks.
It’s an remarkable article designed for all the web visitors; they will take benefit from it
I am sure.
After that, deciding who will perform the actual developing will come next.
The best way is to research around and find different information regarding the exact type of steel used and other services offered such as free installation, shipping charges or additional
costs. Every one of us has boxes and secret stashes of things we’ve saved, thinking they will come in handy some day.
Hi, i think that i saw you visited my site so i came to “return the favor”.I’m attempting to find things to improve
my website!I suppose its ok to use a few
of your ideas!!
WOW just what I was searching for. Came here by searching for new york state sexual offender registry
My spouse and I stumbled over here from a different website and thought
I might as well check things out. I like what I see so now i am following
you. Look forward to looking into your web page for
a second time.
Heya i am for the first time here. I came across this board and I find It really useful & it
helped me out a lot. I hope to give something back and aid others like you helped me.
Post writing is also a fun, if you be acquainted with then you can write if not it is
difficult to write.
I’m not sure why but this site is loading extremely slow for me.
Is anyone else having this problem or is it a problem on my end?
I’ll check back later on and see if the problem still exists.
Hi, I do think this is a great blog. I stumbledupon it ;
) I may return yet again since I saved as a favorite it.
Money and freedom is the greatest way to change, may you be rich and
continue to help others.
I got this web page from my buddy who informed me on the topic of this web page
and at the moment this time I am visiting this website and reading very informative posts here.
It’s genuinely very complicated in this full of
activity life to listen news on Television, so I simply use the web for
that purpose, and take the hottest news.
Do you have any video of that? I’d care to find out more details.
Good post! We are linking to this great article on our website.
Keep up the good writing.
Magnificent beat ! I wish to apprentice whilst you amend your website, how
could i subscribe for a blog web site? The account aided me a appropriate deal.
I have been tiny bit familiar of this your broadcast offered vivid clear
concept
Heya i am for the first time here. I came across this board and I find It really useful & it helped me out a lot.
I hope to give something back and help others like you helped me.
My relatives always say that I am killing my time here at net, however I know I am
getting know-how every day by reading thes fastidious posts.
指摘急行 ウェブサイト.
What’s up, everything is going sound here and ofcourse every one is
sharing information, that’s genuinely good, keep up writing.
It’s amazing to pay a quick visit this site and reading the views
of all mates regarding this piece of writing, while I am
also zealous of getting experience.
Thanks for sharing your thoughts on anatomia. Regards
Hey! I could have sworn I’ve been to this website before but after checking through some of the post I realized it’s new to me.
Anyhow, I’m definitely happy I found it and I’ll be bookmarking and
checking back often!
What’s up, after reading this remarkable piece of writing i am as well cheerful to share my familiarity here with mates.
I think everything published was very logical.
But, what about this? what if you were to write a killer
post title? I ain’t saying your information is
not solid, but suppose you added a headline that makes
people want more? I mean Endocrinologia ginecologica
del feto, dell
Write more, thats all I have to say. Literally, it seems as though you relied on the video
to make your point. You definitely know what youre talking about, why throw away your intelligence on just posting videos to your blog when you could be giving us something
informative to read?
I have read so many content about the blogger lovers but this paragraph is really a pleasant
post, keep it up.
Hi, yeah this post is in fact good and I have learned lot of things from it on the topic of blogging.
thanks.
What’s up colleagues, pleasant piece of writing and pleasant arguments commented at this place, I am truly enjoying by
these.
Greetings! Very helpful advice in this particular post!
It is the little changes that make the most significant changes.
Many thanks for sharing!
I am regular reader, how are you everybody? This piece of writing posted at this web page is truly good.
Yes! Finally something about kontol.
Hello I am so happy I found your site, I really found you by error, while I
was searching on Aol for something else, Anyhow I am here now and would just like to say thank you for a marvelous post and
a all round thrilling blog (I also love the theme/design), I don’t
have time to read it all at the minute but I have book-marked it and
also added your RSS feeds, so when I have time I will be back to read a lot
more, Please do keep up the fantastic job.
I am in fact grateful to the owner of this web site who has shared this impressive article at
here.
Assist you in learning the ideal house, as per your needs, choices and funds.
On top of that rising temperatures increase greenhouse gasses
due to increased demand for air conditioning. From
decades now, Frontier Roofing Systems has achieved great success with affordable, efficient and reliable services.
Heya i am for the first time here. I came across this board and I find It truly useful & it
helped me out a lot. I hope to give something back and
help others like you helped me.
Nice post. I learn something totally new and challenging on blogs I
stumbleupon on a daily basis. It will always be exciting to read articles from other authors and use something from their sites.
I think the admin of this web site is actually
working hard for his site, since here every information is quality based information.
Inspiring quest there. What occurred after? Thanks!
What’s up Dear, are you really visiting this web site regularly,
if so then you will absolutely obtain nice knowledge.
That is really interesting, You’re an overly skilled blogger.
I’ve joined your feed and look forward to in the hunt for extra of your
great post. Additionally, I’ve shared your web site in my social
networks
I have been browsing online more than three hours today, yet I
never found any interesting article like yours.
It’s pretty worth enough for me. Personally, if all site owners and bloggers made good content as you did, the net will be
a lot more useful than ever before.
It is actually a great and helpful piece of info. I’m glad that you shared this helpful
information with us. Please keep us informed like this. Thanks for sharing.
Hi, i think that i noticed you visited my web site so i came to
return the prefer?.I’m trying to find issues to enhance my website!I guess its ok to use some
of your ideas!!
Hello would you mind letting me know which hosting company you’re using?
I’ve loaded your blog in 3 different web browsers and I must say this blog loads
a lot quicker then most. Can you recommend a
good web hosting provider at a fair price? Cheers, I appreciate it!
Hi there, its fastidious article on the topic of media print, we all be familiar with media is a wonderful
source of facts.
Very nice post. I just stumbled upon your blog and wanted to say that I have
truly enjoyed browsing your blog posts. After all I will be subscribing to your feed
and I hope you write again very soon!
Remarkable! Its actually remarkable piece of writing,
I have got much clear idea regarding from this article.
Someone necessarily help to make critically articles I might state.
That is the very first time I frequented your website page and so far?
I surprised with the research you made to make this particular
post extraordinary. Wonderful process!
What’s up mates, its enormous piece of writing concerning
tutoringand completely defined, keep it up all the time.
You’re so interesting! I do not suppose I have read anything
like this before. So nice to find another person with genuine thoughts on this subject matter.
Really.. thanks for starting this up. This site is something that is needed on the internet, someone with a little originality!
Pretty nice post. I simply stumbled upon your blog and wanted to say that
I’ve truly loved browsing your weblog posts. After all I’ll be subscribing for your
feed and I hope you write again soon!
I could not refrain from commenting. Well written!
http://www.0daymusic.eu/
It’s perfect time to make a few plans for the future and it is time to be happy.
I have learn this put up and if I could I wish to recommend you few fascinating things or advice.
Perhaps you could write subsequent articles relating to this article.
I desire to read even more things about it!
I really love your blog.. Great colors & theme. Did you create this amazing site yourself?
Please reply back as I’m planning to create my own blog and would love to learn where you got this from or what the theme is named.
Kudos!
What’s Happening i am new to this, I stumbled upon this I’ve found It positively
useful and it has aided me out loads. I’m hoping to give
a contribution & help other users like its aided me.
Good job.
Hey there! I know this is kind of off topic but I was wondering if you knew where I could find a captcha plugin for my comment
form? I’m using the same blog platform as yours and I’m having
problems finding one? Thanks a lot!
Pretty nice post. I just stumbled upon your weblog and wanted to say that I’ve really enjoyed browsing your blog posts.
In any case I’ll be subscribing to your feed and I hope you write
again soon!
Hi, yup this article is truly pleasant and I have learned lot of things from it concerning blogging.
thanks.
Wonderful, what a website it is! This web site presents useful information to us,
keep it up.
Hi, of course this post is truly good and I have learned lot
of things from it regarding blogging. thanks.
Do you have a spam issue on this blog; I also am a blogger, and I
was wondering your situation; we have created some nice
procedures and we are looking to exchange strategies
with other folks, be sure to shoot me an email
if interested.
you are actually a good webmaster. The website loading velocity is amazing.
It seems that you are doing any distinctive trick. Furthermore,
The contents are masterwork. you’ve done a fantastic task in this matter!
Its such as you read my mind! You appear to know a lot about this, such as you wrote the
e book in it or something. I feel that you could
do with some p.c. to force the message house a bit,
however instead of that, that is fantastic blog.
An excellent read. I’ll certainly be back.
Hello! This is kind of off topic but I need some advice from an established blog.
Is it very difficult to set up your own blog?
I’m not very techincal but I can figure things out pretty fast.
I’m thinking about making my own but I’m not sure
where to begin. Do you have any points or suggestions?
Thank you
I’m no longer positive the place you’re getting your information, however good topic.
I must spend some time finding out more or understanding more.
Thanks for great information I used to be looking for this
information for my mission.
I like the valuable information you provide in your articles.
I will bookmark your blog and take a look at again here frequently.
I’m quite certain I’ll be informed plenty of new stuff right right here!
Good luck for the next!
I pay a visit day-to-day a few websites and information sites to
read articles, except this blog provides feature based articles.
Quality content is the important to invite the visitors to visit the web
site, that’s what this site is providing.
It’s an remarkable article designed for all the internet users;
they will obtain benefit from it I am sure.
Very good website you have here but I was curious if you knew of any message
boards that cover the same topics discussed in this article?
I’d really like to be a part of community where I can get opinions from other experienced
people that share the same interest. If you have any
suggestions, please let me know. Cheers!
Hi there I am so grateful I found your blog page, I really found you by mistake,
while I was looking on Google for something else, Regardless I am here now and would just like to say cheers for a marvelous post and a all round exciting blog (I
also love the theme/design), I don’t have time to browse it all at the moment
but I have book-marked it and also included your RSS
feeds, so when I have time I will be back to read more, Please do keep up the fantastic job.
Comme la plupart de nos fins Brazzers tricher est conçu pour ordinateur portable aux mots de passe de piratage.
Wow that was odd. I just wrote an very long comment but after I clicked
submit my comment didn’t show up. Grrrr… well I’m not
writing all that over again. Regardless, just wanted to say excellent blog!
Hi! Someone in my Facebook group shared this website with us
so I came to check it out. I’m definitely loving
the information. I’m book-marking and will be tweeting this to my
followers! Outstanding blog and wonderful design.
I will do Manual Social bookmarking upto 200 sites PR 9 to 1 with
guaranteed Index ..
I constantly emailed this web site post page to all my friends, because if
like to read it then my links will too.
Thank you for the good writeup. It in fact was a amusement account it.
Look advanced to more added agreeable from you!
However, how can we communicate?
Good article. I’m facing many of these issues as
well..
Good day! I could have sworn I’ve visited your blog before but after browsing through a few of
the posts I realized it’s new to me. Anyhow, I’m definitely happy
I came across it and I’ll be bookmarking it and checking back frequently!
I absolutely love your blog and find many of your post’s to
be what precisely I’m looking for. Do you offer guest writers to write
content for you personally? I wouldn’t mind producing a post or elaborating on many of the subjects you write
with regards to here. Again, awesome weblog!
Wow, incredible blog format! How lengthy have you been blogging for?
you make running a blog look easy. The full glance of your site is wonderful, let
alone the content!
If some one wants to be updated with newest technologies afterward he must be pay a visit this web page
and be up to date everyday.
Greetings! Quick question that’s entirely off topic. Do you know how to make your site mobile friendly?
My web site looks weird when viewing from my iphone
4. I’m trying to find a template or plugin that might be able to fix
this issue. If you have any suggestions, please share. Thanks!
This is a good tip particularly to those fresh to the blogosphere.
Short but very accurate information… Appreciate your sharing this one.
A must read article!
That is a really good tip especially to those new to the
blogosphere. Short but very precise information… Many thanks for
sharing this one. A must read post!
This paragraph is really a fastidious one it helps new web viewers, who are
wishing in favor of blogging.
If you are going for best contents like I do,
just visit this website all the time because it provides quality
contents, thanks
Hi there! This post could not be written any better!
Looking through this article reminds me of my previous roommate!
He constantly kept talking about this. I will forward this article to him.
Pretty sure he will have a very good read. I appreciate you for
sharing!
Everything is very open with a very clear description of the challenges.
It was really informative. Your site is extremely helpful.
Many thanks for sharing!
Hello, this weekend is nice in favor of me, as this time i am reading this enormous informative article here at my home.
Hello there, just became alert to your blog through Google, and found that it is truly informative.
I am going to watch out for brussels. I’ll be grateful if you continue this in future.
Lots of people will be benefited from your writing.
Cheers!
If you desire to take much from this paragraph then you
have to apply such methods to your won weblog.
It’s difficult to find knowledgeable people for this topic, but you seem like
you know what you’re talking about! Thanks
I do believe all of the ideas you have offered to your post.
They’re really convincing and will certainly work.
Still, the posts are too quick for newbies.
May just you please lengthen them a little from next time?
Thanks for the post.
It’s really very complicated in this full of activity life to listen news on Television, therefore I only use web
for that reason, and obtain the most recent news.
Helpful information. Fortunate me I found your website
by accident, and I’m surprised why this accident didn’t came about in advance!
I bookmarked it.
Can you tell us more about this? I’d want to find out more details.
What a data of un-ambiguity and preserveness of valuable
knowledge concerning unpredicted feelings.
Awesome post.
Someone necessarily lend a hand to make critically posts I might state.
That is the first time I frequented your website page and thus far?
I surprised with the research you made to create this actual submit extraordinary.
Wonderful activity!
Way cool! Some extremely valid points! I appreciate you penning this article plus the rest of the site is also really good.
Howdy! This post couldn’t be written any better! Reading through
this post reminds me of my previous room mate! He always kept
chatting about this. I will forward this write-up
to him. Pretty sure he will have a good read. Many thanks for sharing!
Wow that was strange. I just wrote an very long comment
but after I clicked submit my comment didn’t appear. Grrrr…
well I’m not writing all that over again. Regardless,
just wanted to say fantastic blog!
I blog often and I seriously appreciate your information. This great
article has truly peaked my interest. I’m going to bookmark your site and keep
checking for new details about once per week. I subscribed to your Feed as well.
This is the right site for everyone who would like to find out about
this topic. You realize so much its almost hard to argue
with you (not that I actually would want to…HaHa).
You certainly put a fresh spin on a subject which has been written about for decades.
Wonderful stuff, just excellent!
great issues altogether, you simply won a new reader.
What might you suggest about your publish that you simply made some days ago?
Any positive?
It’s nearly impossible to find educated people on this subject, however, you sound like you
know what you’re talking about! Thanks
Yo, pal! Long time no see, but I’m glad you’re here, my homie.
An ideal enhancement that complements your website Copper sheet scrap
Keep smiling and goodbye, with joy
Howdy, new buddy! I’m delighted to have this chance to say hi.
Would be a great addition to elevate your site elehealth data management
Best wishes to you