martedì, Dicembre 17, 2024
Home Anatomia Vasa previa e inserzione velamentosa del cordone ombelicale
AnatomiaGravidanza

Vasa previa e inserzione velamentosa del cordone ombelicale

Da dottvolpicelli
Scritto da dottvolpicelli

Ultimo aggiornamento  2022-07-08  22:29:41

I vasa previa sono vasi sanguigni fetali del cordone ombelicale, privi di guaina protettiva e gelatina di Wharton,  che attraversano o sono prospicienti all’orificio uterino interno. Possono presentarsi come unica anomalia placentare o essere associati ad altre con anomalie annessiali, come inserzione velamentosa del cordone, placenta previa, distacco di placenta.

L’inserzione velamentosa del cordone imita un po’ la situazione dei  vasa previa in quanto i vasi del cordone ombelicale, in prossimità dell’inserzione placentare, si suddividono in numerosi vasi privi di protezione che raggiungono il corpo placentare percorrendo anche diversi centimetri privi della guaina propria del cordone ombelicale.   

La prevalenza dei vasa previa è di circa 1/2500 su 5000 parti e la loro frequenza è aumentata dopo l’introduzione delle tecniche di fecondazione in vitro. Il tasso di mortalità fetale può avvicinarsi al 60% se i vasa previa non vengono diagnosticati prima della nascita.

Sintomatologia dei vasa previa

La presentazione classica dei vasa previa è costituita da un sanguinamento vaginale indolore, rottura delle membrane, e bradicardia fetale.

Diagnosi

  • Ecografia transvaginale: I vasi fetali possono essere visualizzati come se le membrane passassero direttamente sopra o vicino l’orifizio uterino interno, sono ancor più facilmente individuabili con il color-Doppler.

Diagnosi ecografica differenziale – I vasa previa devono essere distinti dalla presentazione funicolare (procidenza del cordone ombelicale tra la parte presentata e l’orifizio uterino interno a membrane integre), in cui i vasi del sangue fetale avvolti dalla gelatina di Wharton possono essere visti come se coprissero il collo dell’utero. Nella presentazione funicolare il cordone ombelicale si allontana dalla cervice durante la valutazione ecografica mentre nei vasa previa il cordone è fisso sul posto. La procidenza del cordone va distinta dal prolasso del cordone, condizione in cui il funicolo si interpone fra la parte presentata e la cervice uterina dopo la rottura delle membrane amnio-coriali. Il cosiddetto prolasso occulto del cordone invece è dato dall’interposizione laterale del cordone fra la parte presentata e la pelvi materna.

Complicanze: in caso di rottura delle membrane amniotiche i vasa previa facilmente si lacerano con notevole emorragia. Tale emorragia è a totale carico della circolazione fetale con rapida anemizzazione e frequente morte fetale. 

Management:

1. Monitoraggio con non-stress test due volte alla settimana iniziando dalla 28a fino alla 30a settimana e più frequentemente a circa 30-32 settimane per evidenziare precocemente la compressione del cordone ombelicale che caratteristicamente si presenta con un ritmo saltatorio.

2. programmazione del parto – 

Il parto cesareo d’emergenza di solito è indicato se si verifica qualsiasi delle seguenti situazioni:

  1. rottura prematura delle membrane.
  2. sanguinamento vaginale continuo
  3. segni di distress fetale 

Se non è presente nessuno di questi problemi e non si è verificato il travaglio, si programma un taglio cesareo di elezione avendo cura di somministrare di corticosteroidi per accelerare la maturità polmonare fetale.

References:

  1. Abbrescia, K., and B. Sheridan. 2003. Complications of second and third trimester pregnancies. EMERGENCY MEDICINE CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA 21 (3): 695-710. MD Consult Australia. http://mdconsult.com (accessed June 9, 2010). 
  2. Abrahim-Zadeh, R., and B. G. Coleman. 1998. The role of color doppler ultrasonography in obstetrics. Seminars in Roentgenology 33 (4, Part 1): 351-359. 
  3. Abramowicz, J. S., and E. Sheiner. 2007. In utero imaging of the placenta: Importance for diseases of pregnancy. PLACENTA 28 (Sup 1): S14. ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com (accessed June 6, 2010). 
  4. Abramowicz, J. S., and E. Sheiner. 2008. Ultrasound of the placenta: A systematic approach. Part i: Imaging. PLACENTA 29 (3): 225-240. ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com (accessed June 6, 2010). 
  5. Al-Khaduri, M., I. J. Kadoch, B. Couturier, J. Dube, L. Lapensee, and F. Bissonnette. 2007. Vasa praevia after ivf: Should there be guidelines? Report of two cases and literature review. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 14 (3): 372-374. EBSCOhost. http://ebscohost.com (accessed June 9, 2010).
  6.  Ameryckx, L., and J. Amy. 2006. Vasa praevia: A lethal threat to the fetus. European Clinics in Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2 (3): 128-130. SpringerLink. http://www.springerlink.com (accessed June).
  7.  Araujo Jnr, E., H. A. Filho, C. R. Pires, S. M. Zanforlin Filho, and A. F. Moron. 2006. Prenatal diagnosis of vasa previa through color doppler and three-dimensional power doppler ultrasonography. A case report. Clinical and experimental obstetrics & gynecology 33 (2): 122-124.
  8.  Arts, H., and J. v. Eyck. 1993. Antenatal diagnosis of vasa previa by transvaginal color doppler sonography. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 3 (4): 276-278. Wiley InterScience. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com (accessed June 23, 2010).
  9.  Baergen, R. 2007. Cord abnormalities, structural lesions, and cord “Accidents”. Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology 24 (1): 23-32.
  10.  Baschat, A. A., and U. Gembruch. 1998. Ante- and intrapartum diagnosis of vasa praevia in singleton pregnancies by colour coded doppler sonography. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS GYNECOLOGY AND REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY 79 (1): 19-25. ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com (accessed June 6, 2010).
  11.  Baulies, S., N. Maiz, A. Munoz, M. Torrents, M. Echevarria, and B. Serra. 2007. Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of vasa praevia and analysis of risk factors. PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS 27 (7): 595-599. Wiley InterScience. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com (accessed March 1, 2010).
  12.  Benson, C. 2006. Color doppler in obstetrical ultrasound. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 32 (5, Supplement 1): P51. ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com (accessed June 6, 2010).
  13.  Burton, G., and D. M. Saunders. 1989. Vasa praevia: Another cause for concern in in vitro fertilization pregnancies. AUSTRALIAN & NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY 28 (3): 180-1.
  14.  Canterino, J. C., M. Mondestin-Sorrentino, M. V. Muench, S. Feld, J. D. Baum, and C. O. Fernandez. 2005. Vasa previa: Prenatal diagnosis and evaluation with 3-dimensional sonography and power angiography. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 24: 721-724. http://www.jultrasoundmed.org (accessed March 1, 2010).
  15.  Carlin, A. 2006. Intrapartum fetal emergencies. Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 11 (3): 150-157. ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com (accessed June 6, 2010).
  16.  Catanzarite, V., C. Maida, W. Thomas, A. Mendoza, L. Stanco, and K. M. Piacquadio. 2001. Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of vasa previa: Ultrasound findings and obstetric outcome in ten cases. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 18 (2): 109-115. Wiley InterScience. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com (accessed March 1, 2010).
  17.  Chmait, R. H., E. Chavira, E. V. Kontopoulos, and R. A. Quintero. 2010. Third trimester fetoscopic laser ablation of type ii vasa previa. JOURNAL OF MATERNAL-FETAL & NEONATAL MEDICINE 23 (5): 459-462. Informa Healthcare. http://informahealthcare.com (accessed June 5, 2010).
  18.  Cipriano, L., W. Barth, and G. Zaric. 2010. The cost-effectiveness of targeted or universal screening for vasa praevia at 18–20 weeks of gestation in ontario. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology:  Wiley InterScience. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com (accessed June 23, 2010).
  19.  Clark, J. F. 1984. Fetal heart monitoring in detection velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord. Journal of the National Medical Association 76 (3): 292-4. PubMed Central. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (accessed June 6, 2010).
  20.  Clerici, G., L. Burnelli, V. Lauro, G. L. Pilu, and G. C. Di Renzo. 1996. Prenatal diagnosis of vasa previa presenting as amniotic band. ‘a not so innocent amniotic band’. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY 7 (1): 61-3. Wiley InterScience. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com (accessed June 6, 2010).
  21.  Daly-Jones, E., J. Hollingsworth, and W. Sepulveda. 1996. Vasa praevia: Second trimester diagnosis using colour flow imaging. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 103 (3): 284-286. Wiley Interscience. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com (accessed June 5, 2010).
  22.  Daly-Jones, E., A. John, A. Leahy, C. McKenna, and W. Sepulveda. 2008. Vasa praevia; a preventable tragedy. Ultrasound 16 (1): 8-14. IngentaConnect. http://www.ingentaconnect.com (accessed March 1, 2010).
  23.  Derbala, Y., F. Grochal, and P. Jeanty. 2007. Vasa previa. Journal of Prenatal Medicine 1 (1): 2-13. http://www.prenatalmedicine.com (accessed March 1, 2010).
  24.  Devesa, R., A. Muñoz, M. Torrents, and J. M. Carrera. 1996. Prenatal diagnosis of vasa previa with transvaginal color doppler ultrasound. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 8 (2): 139-141. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com (accessed June 5, 2010).
  25.  Di Salvo, D. N., C. B. Benson, F. C. Laing, D. L. Brown, M. C. Frates, and P. M. Doubilet. 1998. Sonographic evaluation of the placental cord insertion site. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY 170 (5): 1295-1298. http://www.ajronline.org (accessed June 6, 2010).
  26.  Dougall, A., and C. H. Baird. 1987. Vasa praevia – report of three cases and review of literature. British Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 94: 712-715.
  27.  Duenhoelter, J. H. 1989. Survival of twins after acute fetal hemorrhage from ruptured vasa previa. OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 73 (5): 866-867.
  28.  Eddleman, K. A., C. J. Lockwood, G. S. Berkowitz, R. H. Lapinski, and R. L. Berkowitz. 1992. Clinical significance and sonographic diagnosis of velamentous umbilical cord insertion. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PERINATOLOGY 9 (2): 123-6.
  29.  Emerson, L. L. 2002. Velamentous cord insertions. Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography 18 (5): 313-6. Sage. http://jdm.sagepub.com (accessed June 6, 2010).
  30.  Fleming, A. D., C. Johnson, and M. Targy. 1996. Diagnosis of vasa previa with ultrasound and color flow doppler: A case report. Nebraska Medical Journal 81: 191-193.
  31.  Francois, K., S. Mayer, C. Harris, and J. H. Perlow. 2003. Association of vasa previa at delivery with a history of second-trimester placenta previa. JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE 48 (10): 771-774.
  32.  Fung, T. Y., and T. K. Lau. 1998. Poor perinatal outcome associated with vasa previa: Is it preventable? A report of three cases and review of the literature. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY 12 (6): 430-433. Wiley InterScience. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com (accessed March 1, 2010).
  33.  Gagnon, R. 2009. Guidelines for the management of vasa previa, no 231 august 2009. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada (August): 478-753. http://www.sogc.org/jogc (accessed March 1, 2010).
  34.  Gandhi, M., J. Cleary-Goldman, L. Ferrara, D. Ciorica, D. Saltzman, and A. Rebarber. 2008. The association between vasa previa, multiple gestations, and assisted reproductive technology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PERINATOLOGY 25 (9): 587-589.
  35.  Gianopoulos, J., T. Carver, P. G. Tomich, R. Karlman, and K. Gadwood. 1987. Diagnosis of vasa previa with ultrasonography. OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 69 (3): 488-491.
  36.  Good, M. C., P. R. Copas, G. E. Kleinman, and M. R. Caudle. 1990. Vasa previa. Journal of the Tennessee Medical Association 83 (10): 499-501.
  37.  Gudmundsson, S., M. Dubiel, and P. Sladkevicius. 2009. Placental morphologic and functional imaging in high-risk pregnancies. SEMINARS IN PERINATOLOGY 33 (4): 270-280. ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com (accessed March 1, 2010).
  38.  Hanretty, K. P. 1985. Ruptured vasa praevia. Scottish Medical Journal 30: 115-116.
  39.  Hasegawa, J., A. Farina, M. Nakamura, R. Matsuoka, K. Ichizuka, A. Sekizawa, and T. Okai. 2010. Analysis of the ultrasonic findings predictive of vasa previa. PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS 30: 1121-1125. Wiley InterScience. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com (accessed 25 May 2011).
  40.  Hasegawa, J., R. Matsuoka, K. Ichizuka, H. Fujikawa, A. Sekizawa, and T. Okai. 2006. Umbilical cord insertion to the lower uterine segment is a risk factor for vasa previa. FETAL DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY 22 (5): 358-360. Proquest. http://proquest.umi.com (accessed March 1, 2010).
  41.  Hasegawa, J., R. Matsuoka, K. Ichizuka, K. Otsuki, A. Seikizawa, A. Farina, and T. Okai. 2006. Cord insertion into the lower third of the uterus in the first trimester is associated with placental and umbilical cord abnormalities. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 28 (2): 183-186. Wiley InterScience. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com (accessed March 1, 2010).
  42.  Hasegawa, J., R. Matsuoka, K. Ichizuka, A. Sekizawa, A. Farina, and T. Okai. 2006. Velamentous cord insertion into the lower third of the uterus is associated with intrapartum fetal heart rate abnormalities. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 27 (4): 425-429. Wiley InterScience. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com (accessed June 6, 2010).
  43.  Hasegawa, J., R. Matsuoka, K. Ichizuka, A. Sekizawa, and T. Okai. 2006. Velamentous cord insertion: Significance of prenatal detection to predict perinatal complications. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 45 (1): 21-25. ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com (accessed March 1, 2010).
  44.  Hasegawa, J., R. Matsuoka, K. Ichizuka, A. Sekizawa, and K. Otsuki. 2009. Ultrasound diagnosis and management of umbilical cord abnormalities. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 48 (1): 23-27. ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com (accessed March 1, 2010).
  45.  Hasegawa, J., M. Nakamura, A. Sekizawa, R. Matsuoka, K. Ichizuka, and T. Okai. 2011. Prediction of risk for vasa previa at 9-13 weeks’ gestation. The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research:
  46.  Hata, K., T. Hata, R. Fujiwaki, Y. Ariyuki, A. Manabe, and M. Kitao. 1994. An accurate antenatal diagnosis of vasa previa with transvaginal color doppler ultrasonography. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 171 (1): 265-267.
  47.  Heinonen, S., M. Ryynanen, P. Kirkinen, and S. Saarikoski. 1996. Perinatal diagnostic evaluation of velamentous umbilical cord insertion: Clinical, doppler, and ultrasonic findings. Obstetrics & Gynecology 87 (1): 112-7. Ovid. http://ovid.com (accessed June 11, 2010).
  48.  Hertzberg, B. S., and B. A. Kliewer. 1998. Vasa previa: Prenatal diagnosis by transperineal sonography with doppler evaluation. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND 26 (8): 405-408. Wiley InterScience. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com (accessed June 6, 2010).
  49.  Hsieh, F., H. Chen, T. Ko, and C. Hsieh. 1991. Antenatal diagnosis of vasa previa by color-flow mapping. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 10 (7): 397-399.
  50.  Hurley, V. A. 1988. The antenatal diagnosis of vasa previa – the role of ultrasound. AUSTRALIAN & NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY 28 (3): 177-179.
  51.  Ioannou, C., and C. Wayne. 2010. Diagnosis and management of vasa previa: A questionnaire survey. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 35 (2): 205-209. Wiley InterScience. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com (accessed March 28, 2010).
  52.  Jantarasaengaram, S., C. Suthipintawong, S. Kanchanawat, and K. Thanagumtorn. 2007. Perinatal/neonatal case presentation: Ruptured vasa previa in velamentous cord insertion placenta. JOURNAL OF PERINATOLOGY 27 (7): 457-459. Proquest. http://proquest.umi.com (accessed March 1, 2010).
  53.  Jaovisidha, A. 1999. Vasa previa in ramathibodi hospital: A 10 years review. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 81 (12): 998-1002.
  54.  Japaraj, R. P., D. Amaraddio, and C. F. Yee. 2002. Antenatal diagnosis of vasa praevia – need for a high index of suspicion. AUSTRALIAN & NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY 42 (2): 213-216. Wiley InterScience. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com (accessed June 6, 2010).
  55.  Kanda, E., Y. Matsuda, M. Kamitomo, T. Maeda, K. Mihara, and M. Hatae. 2011. Prenatal diagnosis and management of vasa previa: A 6-year review. The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research:
  56.  Kouyoumdjian, A. 1980. Velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord. Obstetrics & Gynecology 56 (6): 737-42.
  57.  Lazebnik, N., and R. S. Lazebnik. 2004. The role of ultrasound in pregnancy-related emergencies. RADIOLOGIC CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA 42 (2): 315-+. ScienceDirect. http://sciencedirect.com (accessed June 6, 2010).
  58.  Lee, W., J. S. Kirk, C. H. Comstock, and R. Romero. 2000. Vasa previa: Prenatal detection by three-dimensional ultrasonography. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY 16 (4): 384-387. Wiley Interscience. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com (accessed June 6, 2010).
  59.  Lee, W., V. Lee, J. Kirk, C. T. Sloan, R. Smith, and C. Comstock. 2000. Vasa previa: Prenatal diagnosis, natural evolution, and clinical outcome. OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 95 (4): 572-576. http://www.acog.org (accessed March 1, 2010).
  60.  Lijoi, A., and J. Brady. 2003. Vasa previa diagnosis and management. Journal of the Americal Board of Family Practice 16 (6): 543-548. http://www.jabfm.com (accessed March 1, 2010).
  61.  Marino, T. 2004. Ultrasound abnormalities of the amniotic fluid, membranes, umbilical cord, and placenta. OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA 31 (1): 177-200. MD Consult Australia. http://mdconsult.com (accessed June 9, 2010).
  62.  Meyer, W. J., L. Blumenthal, A. Cadkin, D. W. Gauthier, and S. Rotmensch. 1993. Vasa previa: Prenatal diagnosis with transvaginal color doppler flow imaging. Americal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 169 (6): 1627-1629.
  63.  Monteagudo, A., A. K. Sfakianaki, and I. E. Timor-Tritsch. 2001. Velamentous insertion of the cord in the first trimester. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY 16 (5): 498-9. Wiley InterScience. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com (accessed June 6, 2010).
  64.  Mukherjee, S., and B. Thilaganathan. 2009. The diagnostic and therapeutic role of ultrasound in obstetrics. Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine 20 (2): 41-46. ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com (accessed March 1, 2010).
  65.  Murphy, C., and M. Pollaci. 2007. Antepartum sonographic identification of velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord via color doppler: A sonographer’s view. Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography 23 (3): 157-159. Sage. http://jdm.sagepub.com (accessed March 1, 2010).
  66.  Murray, A., and D. Murphy. 2008. Vasa praevia: Diagnosis and management. The Obstetrician and Gynaecologist 10 (4): 217-223. http://www.rcog.org.uk/tog (accessed March 31, 2010).
  67.  Nelson, L. H., P. J. Melone, and M. King. 1990. Diagnosis of vasa previa with transvaginal and color flow doppler ultrasound. Obstetrics & Gynecology 76 (3): 506-9.
  68.  Nimmo, M. J., D. Kinsella, and H. S. Andrews. 1988. Mri in pregnancy: The diagnosis of vasa previa by magnetic resonance imaging. The Bristol Medico-Chirurgical Journal 103 (2): 12.
  69.  Nomiyama, M., Y. Toyota, and H. Kawano. 1998. Antenatal diagnosis of velamentous umbilical cord insertion and vasa previa with color doppler imaging. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 12 (6): 426-429. Wiley InterScience. http://www3.interscience.com (accessed March 1, 2010).
  70.  O’Brien, J., and K. Sheehan. 2001. Prenatal diagnosis of a velamentous cord insertion associated with vasa previa. Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography 17 (2): 94-98. Sage. http://jdm.sagepub.com (accessed February 28, 2010).
  71.  Ogueh, O., L. Morin, R. H. Usher, and A. Benjamin. 2003. Obstetric implications of low-lying placentas diagnosed in the second trimester. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 83 (1): 11-17. ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com (accessed June 6, 2010).
  72.  Oyelese, K. O., P. Schwarzler, S. Coates, F. A. Sanusi, R. Hamid, and S. Campbell. 1998. A strategy for reducing the mortality rate from vasa previa using transvaginal sonography with color doppler. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY 12 (6): 434-438. Wiley InterScience. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com (accessed June 6, 2010).
  73.  Oyelese, Y. 2001. Placenta previa and vasa previa: Time to leave the dark ages. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY 18 (2): 96-99. Wiley InterScience. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com (accessed June 6, 2010).
  74.  Oyelese, Y. 2009. Placenta previa: The evolving role of ultrasound. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY 34: 123-126.
  75.  Oyelese, Y., V. Catanzarite, F. Prefumo, S. Lashley, M. Schachier, Y. Tovbin, V. Goldstein, and J. C. Smulian. 2004. Vasa previa: The impact of prenatal diagnosis on outcomes. OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 103 (5): 937-942. http://www.acog.org (accessed March 1, 2010).
  76.  Oyelese, Y., M. R. Chavez, L. Yei, G. Giannina, E. V. Kontopoulos, J. C. Smulian, and W. E. Scorza. 2004. Three-dimensional sonographic diagnosis of vasa previa. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 24 (2): 211-215. Wiley InterScience. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com (accessed March 1, 2010).
  77.  Oyelese, Y., R. C. Jha, M. D. Moxley, J. V. Collea, and J. T. Queenan. 2003. Magnetic resonance imaging of vasa praevia. BJOG: an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 110 (12): 1127-1128. Wiley InterScience. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com (accessed March 1, 2010).
  78.  Oyelese, Y., and J. C. Smulian. 2006. Clinical expert series: Placenta previa, placenta accreta, and vasa previa. OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 107 (4): 927-941. http://www.acog.org (accessed March 1, 2010).
  79.  Oyelese, Y., C. Spong, M. A. Fernandez, and R. A. McLaren. 2000. Second trimester low-lying placenta and in-vitro fertilization? Exclude vasa previa. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal Medicine 9 (6): 370-372. Wiley InterScience. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com (accessed June 14, 2010).
  80.  Ozcan, T., and E. K. Pressman. 2008. Imaging of the placenta. Ultrasound Clinics 3 (1): 13-22. MD Consult Australia. http://mdconsult.com (accessed June 9, 2010).
  81.  Paavonen, J., K. Jouttunpaa, P. Kangasluoma, P. Aro, and P. K. Heinonen. 1984. Velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord and vasa previa. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 22 (3): 207-211. ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com (accessed June 9, 2010).
  82.  Papathanasiou, D., R. Witlox, D. Oepkes, F. J. Walther, K. W. M. Bloemenkamp, and E. Lopriore. 2010. Monochorionic twins with ruptured vasa previa: Double trouble! FETAL DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY Online unassigned (DOI:10.1159/000315493): 1-3. www.karger.com/fdt (accessed June 17, 2010).
  83.  Pretorius, D. H., C. Chau, D. M. Poeltler, A. Mendoza, V. A. Catanzarite, and K. A. Hollenbach. 1996. Placental cord insertion visualization with prenatal ultrasonography. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 15 (8): 585-93.
  84.  Pun, T. C., and J. C. W. Ng. 1987. Vasa praevia – antepartum haemorrhage with sinusoidal fetal heart pattern. AUSTRALIAN & NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY 27: 68-69.
  85.  Quintero, R., E. V. Kontopoulos, P. W. Bornick, and M. H. Allen. 2007. In utero laser treatment of type ii vasa previa. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 20 (12): 847-851. Proquest. http://proquest.umi.com (accessed March 1, 2010).
  86.  Raga, F., M. J. Ballester, N. G. Osborne, and F. Bonilla-Musoles. 1996. Role of color flow doppler ultrasonography in diagnosing velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord and vasa previa. A report of two cases. JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE 40 (11): 804-8.
  87.  Reuter, K., A. Davidoff, and T. Hunter. 1988. Vasa previa. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND 16 (5): 346-348.
  88.  Robert, J. A., and W. Sepulveda. 2003. Fetal exsanguination from ruptured vasa previa: Still a catastrophic event in modern obstetrics. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 23 (5): 574. Informa Healthcare. http://informahealthcare.com (accessed March 1, 2010).
  89.  Robinson, B. K., and W. A. Grobman. 2011. Effectiveness of timing strategies for delivery of individuals with vasa previa. Obstetrics & Gynecology 117 (3): 542-549 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31820b0ace.
  90. Roy, B. N., D. Vallerand, M. F. Chen, and W. M. Buckett. 2008. Umbilical cord abnormalities in singleton pregnancies following assisted reproductive technologies (art). FERTILITY AND STERILITY 90: S211.
  91.  Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. 2005. Guideline no. 27. Placenta praevia and placenta praevia accreta: Diagnosis and management, London: Guidelines and Audit Committee of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.  http://www.rcog.org.uk/womens-health/guidelines (accessed June 20, 2010).
  92.  Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. 2011. Guideline no. 27. Placenta praevia, placenta praevia accreta and vasa praevia: Diagnosis and management, London: Guidelines and Audit Committee of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.  http://www.rcog.org.uk/womens-health/guidelines (accessed January 6, 2011).
  93.  Sauerbrei, E. E., and G. L. Davies. 1998. Diagnosis of vasa previa with endovaginal color doppler and power doppler sonography: Report of two cases. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 17 (6): 393-398. http://www.jultrasoundmed.org (accessed June 6, 2010).
  94.  Schachter, M., Y. Tovbin, S. Arieli, S. Friedler, R. Ron-El, and D. Sherman. 2002. In vitro fertilization is a risk factor for vasa previa. FERTILITY AND STERILITY 78 (3): 642-643.
  95.  Schellpfeffer, M. A. 1995. Improved neonatal outcome of vasa previa with aggressive intrapartum management. A report of two cases. JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE 40: 327-332.
  96.  Schmidt, W. A., J. A. Affleck, and S. L. Jacobson. 2005. Fatal fetal hemorrhage and placenta pathology. Report of three cases and a new setting. PLACENTA 26 (5): 419-431. ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com (accessed June 6, 2010).
  97.  Sebire, N. J., and W. Sepulveda. 2008. Correlation of placental pathology with prenatal ultrasound findings. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY 61 (12): 1276-1284. http://jcp.bmj.com (accessed June 6, 2010).
  98.  Seince, N., L. Carbillon, N. Perrot, and M. Uzan. 2002. Various doppler sonographic appearances and challenges in prenatal diagnosis of vasa praevia. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND 30 (7): 450-454. Wiley InterScience. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com (accessed March 1, 2010).
  99.  Sepulveda, W. 2006. Velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord: A first-trimester sonographic screening study. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 25 (8): 963-968. http://www.jultrasoundmed.org (accessed March 1, 2010).
  100.  Sepulveda, W., I. Rojas, J. A. Robert, C. Schnapp, and J. L. Alcalde. 2003. Prenatal detection of velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord a prospective color doppler ultrasound study. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 21 (6): 564-569. Wiley InterScience. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com (accessed March 1, 2010).
  101.  Sepulveda, W., A. E. Wong, L. Gomez, and J. L. Alcalde. 2009. Improving sonographic evaluation of the umbilical cord at the second-trimester anatomy scan. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 28 (6): 831-835. http://www.jultrasoundmed.org.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/cgi/reprint/28/6/831 (accessed June 6, 2010).
  102.  Shamas, A. G., L. Kambhapati, O. Abu-Ghazza, Z. Dabbagh, and R. Abdul-Kadir. 2008. Prenatal diagnosis of velamentous cord insertion and vasa praevia using ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging – a case report. Ultrasound 16 (1): 15-17. IngentaConnect. http://www.ingentaconnect.com (accessed March 1, 2010).
  103.  Sherer, D. M., and A. Anyaegbunam. 1997. Prenatal ultrasonographic morphologic assessment of the umbilical cord: A review. Part i. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 52 (8): 506-14. Ovid. http://ovid.com (accessed June 9, 2010).
  104.  Sherer, D. M., and A. Anyaegbunam. 1997. Prenatal ultrasonographic morphologic assessment of the umbilical cord: A review. Part ii. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 52 (8): 515-23. Ovid. http://ovid.com (accessed June 9, 2010).
  105.  Sinha, P., S. Kaushik, N. Kuruba, and S. Beweley. 2008. Vasa praevia: A missed diagnosis. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 28 (6): 600-603. Informa Healthcare. http://informahealthcare.com (accessed March 1, 2010).
  106.  Sinha, P., and N. Kuruba. 2008. Ante-partum haemorrhage: An update. Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 28 (4): 377-381. Informa Healthcare. http://informahealthcare.com (accessed June 6, 2010).
  107.  Smorgick, N., Y. Tovbin, F. Ushakov, Z. Vaknin, B. Barzilay, A. Herman, and R. Maymon. 2010. Is neonatal risk from vasa previa preventable? The 20-year experience from a single medical center. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND 38 (3): 118-122. Wiley InterScience. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com (accessed April 3, 2010).
  108.  Stafford, I. P., and E. Neumann. 2004. Abnormal placental structure and vasa previa. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 23: 1521-1522. http://www.jultrasoundmed.org (accessed March 1, 2010).
  109.  Suzuki, S., and M. Igarashi. 2008. Clinical significance of pregnancies with succenturiate lobes of placenta. ARCHIVES OF GYNECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS 277 (4): 299-301. SpringerLink. http://www.springerlink.com (accessed March 1, 2010).
  110.  Tollison, S. B., and P. H. Huang. 1988. Vasa previa. A case report. JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE 33: 329-330.
  111.  Ushakov, F., A. Herman, Y. Tovbin, D. Sherman, and R. Maymon. 2006. Op02.23: Vasa previa: Early antenatal diagnosis. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 28 (4): 427. Wiley InterScience. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com (accessed June 23, 2010).
  112.  Vestermark, V., I. Christensen, L. Kay, and M. Windfeldt. 1990. Spontaneous intra-uterine total rupture of a velamentous umbilical cord; a case report. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Biology 35 (2-3): 279-81. ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com (accessed June 9, 2010).
  113.  Young, M., N. Yule, and K. Barham. 1991. The role of light and sound technologies in the detection of vasa praevia. Reproduction, Fertility, & Development 3 (4): 439-45. http://www.publish.csiro.au (accessed June 6, 2010).

Potrebbe piacerti anche

Ligamento di Treitz – anatomia

Arteria mesenterica superiore – anatomia

Intestino tenue

Esofago – anatomia

Acquedotto di Silvio

Formazione reticolare

Pancreas anulare fetale

Epiglottide

Arteria radiale -anatomia

Substantia nigra

Lascia il tuo commento

Salva il mio nome, email, e sito in questo browser per la prossima volta che commento

Inserisci la somma corretta Limite di tempo superato. Si prega di completare nuovamente il captcha.

Il Fertilitycenter.it è un sito informativo al fianco delle coppie per sostenerle ed informarle nel desiderio più grande, quello di avere un figlio.

Categorie

Addome (18) Alimentazione (13) Anatomia (101) Andrologia (40) Angiologia (15) Cardiologia (36) Chirurgia (113) Ciclo mestruale (9) Coltura gameti ed Embrioni (2) Contraccezione (7) Diabetologia (14) Diagnostica di laboratorio (11) Eco (64) Embriologia (16) Endocrinologia (117) Endometriosi (8) Farmacologia (10) Gastroenterologia (23) Genetica (18) Ginecologia (80) Gravidanza (206) Immunologia (8) Infettivologia (27) Infiammazioni (22) ISG (3) Isteroscopia (8) Laparoscopia (23) Malattie infettive (10) Malformazioni fetali (6) Mammella (43) Menopausa (18) metabolismo (1) Nefrologia (5) Neurologia (20) Oncologia (87) Ovaio (18) PCOS (16) PMA (47) Puerperio (9) Respiratorio (14) Sangue e coagulazione (10) Semeiotica (2) Semeiotica medica (2) Sessualità (25) Spermiogramma (12) Uroginecologia (19) Vitamine e integratori (13)

ULTIMI ARTICOLI

Gasping
Leishmaniosi
Blocco di branca destra
Ulcera diabetica

fertilitycenter.it © 2023 All right reserved.

© 2023 fertilitycenter.it - All right reserved.

Questo sito Web utilizza i cookie per migliorare la tua esperienza. Supponiamo che tu sia d'accordo con questo, ma puoi annullare l'iscrizione se lo desideri. Accetto Leggi

-
00:00
00:00

Queue

Update Required Flash plugin
-
00:00
00:00